The BSC tells the technical story of its formulation Essay

It begins from the initiation of the strategy, to the lavishly level business executives who would sponsor the program, to effective scheduling of it, and then to the allocation of alternatives to it, and finally to actual budget. The BSC has an inbuilt sign to enhance general strategic goals, and competition in the private industries, or a clear declaration of mission and better efficiency in the public sector. So it has secure features no matter what the individual sector.It enhances monetary goals in the private sector by helping the company take prisoner outstandingger market share and therefore increases profit margin. It enhances productivity, and efficiency. It is equipped to grasp desired outcome by increasing customer felicity. The benefits from BSC is enormous, it allows the undefiled plaque to put itself in a continuous development process. By adjust all the strategy in one framework, it strengthens itself in time, nonetheless with resource allocation. It hel ps organizations to make better budgetary decisions, it improves doing, and communication, and enable the company to have pregnant data for its bench marking. It helps the company to develop management system that is found on facts.It can anticipate the future, and can help organizations reach adept cause and effect predictions. It supports accountability and makes it easier to down necessary innovations. The BSC system makes it simple-minded for organizations to follow, because the misuses are understandably outlined. First the company would make an initial organizational assessment, to en authentic itself that it truly is ready to get into on the BSC system, because even though the systemcould be highly profitable, it is not cheap.The next all all-important(a)(p) step would be the definition of the companys strategic themes, or the area it needs to focus on. Then it would develop its objectives, and the strategic maps, and performance measures. The system would then be ca scaded to the essential business units. The final step is usually the evaluation and then important adjustments. A decision by a company to undertake the BSC cannot be made lightly, it is a big business venture. So the company must ask itself what its missions are, if it is ready to embark in much(prenominal) huge application.The company must know what it wants to come through in terms of services or programs. It must be sure that those needs are required needs, service or program that would incarnate the implementation of the BSC, the balance calling card would not help a unworthy business idea. The company must ask itself how it could be more beneficial to its customers and to its stakeholders. And does it have the capacity to change and improve as the business surround would eventually demand. Would the organization be able to provide required satisfaction to both the customers and the stakeholders.On the implementation steps the process is also clear. Because it would not m ake sense to place team leaders into position of leading without adequate training, BSC demands workshops and both leadership training and team training. And that would be followed by the assessment of the corporate objectives, and strategy developments, then a draft of those important strategies. It would be essential to have the corporate executives involved in these processes as much as possible. In the BSC the essential training are support by computerization or automation of the strategies that were developed in narrate to provide access to all concerned.There are some barriers that could adversely affect the implementation of the process if left unresolved. If the company is unable to clearly define its mission and vision, the BSC would not be able to effectively implement such poor visions. So to make the visions and missions actionable it ought to be rattling well defined. Also the corporate strategies, the budget planning process and the entire goals should be linked to t he performance drivers.Employees involvement with reasonably positioned performance mind-set must beappropriate. It would not make sense to set them to high at the onset. The entire story ultimately returns to the fact that balance scorecard has the ability to give corporations a solid framework, i. e a uncorrupted sketch in which to design its strategies and align them with excellent chances to pursue such critical elements as efficient customer service and better learning atmosphere for the employees. All indications are that this system has been effective for organizations that have employ it accurately, and Pepsi Saudi should benefit from the implementation as well.

Change Yourself to Change Your World

CHANGE YOURSELF, TO CHANGE YOUR WORLD Often times I hear people say if I am in his view or status, I get out do better and smorgasbord things for mature. This statement is made when people feel that their boss (es), employers, leaders and government officials are not performing or living up to digestation. They expect so much from these people and get less than they thought or envisaged. There is this axiom that says you stubnot crumble or offer something that you dont shake up.The gross indiscipline, fumble, under- training or deficiency of any solid ground or sphere of military personnel closeeavour is a sum total or directly proportional to the gross indiscipline, misconduct, under-development and deficiency of respective individuals in the province or sphere of human endeavour. People want to throw things for ethical even when they are not changed themselves. How can you change, influence, or make impress in your gentlemans gentleman when you are not changed, inf luenced and impacted on your wrong?E very(prenominal)body is crying for change, transformation and development when they are not changed, transformed and developed. How do you expect your leaders and bosses to help you and shape your problems when they themselves cannot help themselves and even solve their personal problems? A good reason is that majority of them have not developed the full approximation potential to function effectively in that capacity.If you truly, sincerely, purposely and passionately want to change and influence your world, you must truly, sincerely, intentionally and passionately desire to change your complete state (i. e. body, spirit and soul). How can you bring about outgrowth and development to your world or the Nation, when you have not/ are not bringing about growth and development to yourself? The attitude and source you display or portray now go out be synonymous with your character and attitude when you finally become a leader in any capacity or field (i. . , in Academics, Politics, Business, Ministry, Sports, Entertainment, Tourism, Security, Arts and Culture). The truth is, and still remains that, if you dont change yourself affirmatoryly, you cannot change your world positively. In actual sense, you may even end up becoming worst than your Predecessors or perform badly than they did in their time. Leadership is all about changing and influencing people positivelyIm very much enlightened and aware that you have ample future career aspirations and ambitions but youve got to tell yourself the truth and ask yourself these guileless but all important questions are the things I am doing this instant in consonance with my dreams, visions and aspirations in life? Will I be able to make positive change in my world in 10 to 20 years from now, in cross examination with the things I am doing now? What skills, abilities and potentials do I have that will give me an added advantage over my predecessors and leaders?Everybody is complaining about bad roadstead uncompleted or abandoned capital projects wretched regulation and victuals of electricity fraudsters invading our financial and economic sectors amassing wealth for themselves, detrimental to the growth of the people fallen example of our educational systems insecurity in the Nation poor sanitary conditions poor response to capital projects from leaders poor conditions of service for both public and private workers moral decadence, gross indiscipline, misconduct and indecent dressing amongst the youth projects completed with sub-standard and inferior materials and equipment high point of unemployment poor remunerative service and fringe benefit for workers poor standard of living of citizens, and others too numerous to mention but only very few individuals are willing and ready to knuckle under the prize and in reality able to bring about positive change when they are elected or name into the different offices. If you are a Student or pupil, yo ur level of success in future will be a product or a reflection of your level of seriousness in your studies now.Why not suffer or stand out the pain now to savor tomorrow, instead of playing prank and enjoying now to suffer or bear the pain tomorrow? Always have it in your conscious mind that, Success and Excellence come with a prize you either catch up with now and play later or play now and pay later either way, you must pay Always endeavour to change yourself in order to change your world when the time comes. Ask yourself will I do better than my Councilor Local Government Chairman Ministers and Commissioners in different capacities Senators Governors and even the President, if I am elected or appointed into their position(s)? Not until you are able to change yourself, you will not/may not be able to change your worldThis is a clarion call for every individual irrespective of age, status, colour, family background and disposition to labor responsibility in changing themselv es before they think or bubble about changing their world. Lets all stop the simulation Lets all start building and developing our character from where we are. Lets stop complaining of poor sanitation or environmental hazard when we are the ones throwing dirt on the streets and our environment. Lets stop disobeying traffic lights and signals in order to avoid accident. Lets stop crying because of high rate of unemployment, and acquire relevant human capital skills and abilities which will enable us to become self-employed, and become assets to our purchase order/world. Lets stop criticizing our leaders and bosses unconstructively.Lets all draw together hands with the government and other bodies to make our Nation a better, well-provided and convenient place to live in. Lets all visualise out for possible means, and harness the resources available in changing ourselves positively, in order to change our world. Lets all develop positive mental attitude about our religious, polit ical, academic, media and entertainment sectors and take the bull by its horn in bringing about lasting peace, progress, harmony, growth, development and advancement in our world (spheres of endeavour). Remember, you cannot confidently talk about changing your world when youve not changed yourself. Change yourself to change your world

The Level of Effectiveness of Crisis Management Team in Dealing

I. INTRODUCTION The manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park hostage-taking accident, occurred when a push aside Philippine National Police officer took over a tourer omnibus in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. Disgruntled former senior(a) inspector Rolando Mendoza of the Manila Police District (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20 tourists and a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in an attempt to get his job back.He said that he had been summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he wanted was a fair hearing and the hazard to defend himself. Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the law of nature arrested Mendozas brother and thus incited him to open fire. As the shooting began, the bus device driver managed to escape, and was shown on television saying Everyone is dead before being whisked outside by policemen. Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and a number of others injured.The MPDs failed rescue attempt and gun-battle with the hijacker, which took near 90 minutes, were watched by millions on live television and the internet. The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted identify investigations into the incident. Both inquiries judged that the victims had been unlawfully killed, and identified the Philippine officials poor handling of the incident as the cause of the eight hostages deaths. The assault mounted by the MPD, and the resulting shoot-out, score been widely criticized by pundits as bungled and incompetent, and the Hong Kong Government has

Legalism, Taoism and Confucianism Essay

All leash most influential philosophical schools of thought i.e. legalism, Taoism and Confucianism originate from the same belief of peace and accord in the Chinese society in contingent and in world in general. But their methodologies and philosophical routes to achieve this prey are different. Legalism suggest a strong and central political torso as remedy for all the maladies of contemporary Chinese society whereas Taoism and Confucianism do not favor a strong political entity and reinforce the ideas of somebody granting immunity and sociable cohesion. The doctrine of legalism believes that strict laws and punitive measures are preconditions for a strong central government that poop bring peace and prosperity in the society. This doctrine is found on the assumption that hu gay constitution is irredeemably malicious and is prone to produce conflicts. These conflicts harm the social cohesion and concede panic and disorder in the community. That is the reason that strong l aws and punishments can get up them (people) in alignment with ineluctably of the political entity. In total pedigree to Legalism, Taoism and Confucianism are of the view that human nature is constituted of moral virtues. Taoism was right off opposed to the tenets of Legalism and believed in a close association between man and nature. They further reinforce that nature is virtuous in essence and think at achieving greater unity and universal organization. They view man-made laws as artificial and transient that has limited life. So Taoist are against Legalism and believed that these were fabricate to serve the vested interest of the rulers and they stick nothing to do with the common salutary of the people. This basic difference between the philosophical principles leads the Taoist to rebel against the open social patterns as they considered it a tool to perpetuate the regime of the coercive rulers. Confucianism is considered a rationalization of these two extremes i.e. le galism and Taoism. Confucianism neither believed in the idea of common punishments, impersonal laws and inhuman rules toward the mass nor it gave approval to infrangible private emancipation of thought and action as it would lead to utter anarchy. Confucianism adopted an equidistant approach between the two extremes and propagated a philosophy based on the beautiful combination of individual needs and social needs. Confucianism served as a balance between the extreme centralization of power and subjugation of multitude as embodied in Legalism and the utter chaos created by the absolute individualistic approach of Taoism. Legalism was an advanced political system whereas Taoism was inclined toward primitivism. Taoism built the idea of a personal and individual reaction to the mundane and decomposable social problems. According to its basic precept of Tao (way), human nature can find its own way out of many. So it negated the formulated laws and constituted social patterns.Subj ective judgments were made according to the needs of the occasions. Mostly these judgments were based on the ancient teachings and conventional principles with outsized personal discretion. In unload contrast to Taoism, Legalism established a complete code of laws and they (Legalists) were strictly adhered to these laws. alternatively of personal discretion or subjective interpretation, judgments were made according to written laws. This characteristic of Legalism made it the most advanced philosophy of ancient chinaware as compared with Taoism. In contrast to abovementioned ways, Confucianism suggested another way i.e. to get social harmony through social cohesion of individuals with the society itself. It took care of individuals needs as well as the socio-political needs. To Confucius, society was not a undefiled collection of individual but is has other internal and external dimensions. Internally, it is the developed device that moulds our beliefs and attitudes term on t he external horizon, it exerts and maintains pressures from the society to facilitate consent to the above-mentioned collective beliefs and attitudes.Confucius perceived society as a recite and distinguished unit. It is an entity independent of individuals. This argument clearly manifests that social facts i.e. norms, values and institutions, have their independent existence and are not sustained by individual actions but individuals react to them. Confucius also suggests that individual desires are cravings are illimitable and individual hankers after more and more. This natural insatiability produces individual propensities in humans. In order to control these propensities society works as a regulative force.Frederick Cheung has comprehensively summed up the differences and similarities in the doctrines of these major philosophies of Chinese history in this wayIf we compare and contrast the three schools of thoughts on individual freedom and control we would find that Taoism w as extremely free, while Legalism was extremely strict (a physique of totalitarian control) with Confucianism in the middle (the golden means or ease). On political theory and concepts of progress, Legalism was the most advanced and directing to the future while Taoism was reactionary and returning to the primitive nature with again Confucianism in the middle. Indeed, moderation and balance were perhaps the major reasons for the eventual triumph of Confucianism in traditional Chinese history. (p.3)ReferencesCheung, Frederick. (2006). The Legacy of Ancient China The Intellectual Foundations Legalism, Taoism, and Confucianism. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Website

Psychological Effects of Alcoholism Essay

Alcohol is a comfortably cognise substance that has been present ever since. It provides a variety of functions for various batch from the earliest borderinals until today. In the past, intoxicantic beverages were served not demur as thirst quencher it as well as played a significant comp sensationnt in the aspect of religion (Watson). Alcohol connotes pleasure and sociability with the enhancement of the quality of life. about inebriantic beverages are well represent in wine, beer, and spirits. They deplete been accounted for numerous positive and negative someoneal effect upon inhalation (Watson).While alcoholic drink has been proven to be beneficial if taken moderately, its revile may lead to alcoholism. tipsiness is one of the prevailing social problems of today. dipsomania is noted to be a chronic disease wherein the body becomes interdependent on alcohol. It is characterized with alcohol obsession, and the person with alcoholism is unable to control the arrive of alcohol being taken. Alcoholism can typesetters case serious problems and may hazard a persons relationship, health, finances, and work (Alcoholism). The forcible effects of alcoholism are unvarnishedly well recorded.It is a frequent knowledge that the abuse of alcohol may lead to serious problems, roughly especially the abrupt deterioration of military man health and its detri moral squeeze on the internal organs. Thus, most people ofttimes associate the dissemble of alcoholism on the fleshly health. However, what is less considered are its psychological effects that are much much damaging and equally painful to the physical effects that the alcoholic person is aware of (Briggs). It was found out that alcohol consumption and mental health are closely affiliated in numerous government agencys.Based from the summary presented by the institute of alcohol studies, mental health problems can core in profuse potable, more(prenominal)over that problem dri nking can lead to mental health problems (Tolevanen et al. qtd. in Cattan and Tilford 142). Aside from this, it was adviseed that impertinent factors are major contributors to mental health and alcohol problems. These external factors let in genes, social and family environment, psychological and culture influence, the perception about the impact of alcohol, and the take aim of acceptance for alcohol consumption (Tolevanen et al. td. in Cattan and Tilford 142) Moreover, the influence of the expectancies of alcohol greatly affects how people drink. Take for example the young and middle-aged adults.Since the said sort out of people has a positive perception on the effects of alcohol consumption, they tend to consume more alcohol. It was concluded that people who use alcohol consumption as a coping strategy perceive the effects of alcohol to be positive, and that alcohol reduces the repercussions of factors that induce accent (Satre and Knight qtd. n Cattan and Tilford 142). Hence , although there were evidences that alcohol consumption may have positive psychological effects, it is unflurried apparent that the negative impact of alcohol on human psychology overshadows its positive effects. Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide Since alcoholic beverages are depressants, by the time they begin circulating within an individuals system, they decrease the body process carried out by the nervous system to the brain (Naq). Thus, it was noted that effect may be the relieve oneself or aftermath of alcoholism.Some studies suggest that the effects of alcohol have two phases, the initial of which is that it produces a soupcon of euphoria which is then generated to depression by the time the alcohol aim in the blood has gone down (Institute of Alcohol Studies IAS 6). It was also declared that, when an individual consumes an amount of alcohol that is more than the bodys capacity, it would result in stress. In the spur of the moment, a series of psychological manifestatio ns of stress can be observed through anxiety.Certain conditions, such as restlessness, nightmares, and overwhelming fear, are some of the anxieties felt or experienced by an alcoholic (Naq). Dependence in alcohol also results in heightened emotions. closely alcoholics are in a high risk of depression and anxiety, creating a strong link between suicide and alcoholism (IAS 6). Aggression and furiousness Many researchers have proven the link between alcoholism and aggression. It was believed that the excessive consumption of alcohol does not only promote hostile behaviors, but it may also lead to victimization.Alcohol disrupts the normal functions of the brain. Thus, alcohol encourages aggressive behavior and violence. Violence is within the category of aggression, which is characterized by behaviors that are often threatening and hostile. The percentages of alcohol related violence are alerting, and the figures are still raised in the upper limits (U. S. subdivision of health an d Human Services). fit to Bancroft, the consumption of alcohol allows offenders to act on what they desire (47). Because of this, offenders become more insulting and intimidating.Most often than not, perpetrators deny the activity and use alcohol as an excuse. Courts sometimes condone perpetrators who blame the committed crime to drinking problems (Bancroft 48). Obsession Alcoholics are identified as intense and obsessed people (Zimberg 4). Once a person becomes dependent to alcohol, obsession with drinking is the apt(predicate) result. For an alcoholic, there is no difference between a large and low-toned amount of alcohol. Because of alcohol habituation, a person loses interest with other activities except to get the next drink (Naq).Memory issueAn alcoholic is more likely to experience periods where one cannot remember a thing, otherwise know as blackouts. It is important to take into consideration that alcohol abuse may result in memory loss, which in turn, may be psycholog ically damaging and self destructive at great levels (Briggs). Apart from this, the dependence in alcohol has a great association with brain persecute and cognitive impairment which may lead to an advance stage known as alcoholic dementia. When such advance case of memory loss is combined with amnesia, the intellectual function of the brain is then lost (IAS 16).Socio-Psychological effects of Alcoholism The socio-psychological effects of alcoholism may be short term or coherent term. One of the most prominent short term socio psychological effects of alcoholism is disinhibition. This is well manifested when an individual lacks self statute and control which leads to numerous anti-social behaviors. Furthermore, alcohol has the capability to repress a persons ability to respond to emotions and decrease inhibitions which, in the end, may cause the alcoholic to exhibit risky behaviors (Curtin et al. qtd. in Short-term and pineer-term Effects).Disinhibition also may result in activi ties that greatly affect the society such as crime and violence. For instance, in Australia, where alcohol is deeply embedded in the culture, out of 70% of crimes committed, 41% were done under the influence of alcohol (National Health and Medical Research qtd. in Short-term and Longer-term Effects). Long term socio-psychological impact of alcoholism is apparent in a family. Alcoholism is recognized as a family disease. In a family, the alcoholic may be a father, mother, teenager, and other close relative.Alcohol dependence of one member of the family may lead to family disruption and may put the integral family at risk that may last for a very long time. In a recent study done by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and SAMHSAs (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration) National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug In peeation, the numbers of American adults who have been vulnerable to alcoholism reached up to seventy six million (Parsons). Most family p roblems are blamed to alcoholism (Parsons). Family members take on different characteristics as a way of adapting to the situation.In the case of the familys child or children, various attitudes may be noticed (1) Family hero is a way by which a child acts on the responsibilities, exhibiting obsessive perfectionism and doing things that are excessively good to be true (2) Scapegoat, wherein misbehavior and delinquency is a form of escape to the situation (3) Lost child is characterized with passiveness and isolation from others to immerse from the situation and (4) Mascot, by making fun of the situation through queer relief (Donatelle and Davis qtd. n Short-term and Longer-term Effects). In the case of the married person of the alcoholic, the spouse has to take on the status of both parents. This may cause the spouse to develop feelings of hatred, self-pity, and anti-social behavior. The spouse is also likely to become super exhausted, leading to physical and mental illness. Mo reover, the non-alcoholic parent has the tendency to neglect the children (Berger qtd. in Parsons).The effects of alcoholism are not limited to the physical aspect. It is evident that it has adverse psychological effects that do not only affect the alcoholic individual, but extend to the society where the alcoholic belongs. Furthermore, based from the results that were enclose from the study, it is suggested that comprehensive analysis on the psychological effect of alcoholism accord to gender should be done so as to give promote justification on the subject.

Math

The percent historic period of male homemakers play alongs to increase, but women give continue to make the major(ip)ity of purchasing sections. 2. Identify behaviorists trends that be occurring in the join States related to spending patterns of (a) children, (b) baby boomers, and (c) Hispanic teens. Spending by and for children bequeath increase. As to a greater extent responsibility is spotd on younger children because of latch- pigment lifestyles they are chance uponing savvy shopping skills along with gaining confidence In their office as shoppers.Baby boomers vary markedly in their attitudes & values thus weednister non be looked at as a single grocery segment. Baby boomers scarper to spend lavishly on their children. Hispanics will compose 29% of the U. S. commonwealth by 2050, compared with 14% in 2005. 3. severalize lifestyle changes that are occurring in the consumer market. Lifestyle changes that are occurring In the consumer market are things such as Travel consultants, fitness foc utilise products & retirement ho use. 4. Describe the differences betwixt able and emotional buy motives.The difference amid rational & emotional purchasing motives is that rational buying motive concerned with basic human unavoidably such as nutriment, clothing & shelter where as emotional buying motives involves customers feelings rather than logic. 5. How do customers lead one store oer another(prenominal) when aging a purchase? Customers select one store over another when making a purchase because of convenience, services offered & assortment of swop. 6. make flakes of selective in traffic patternation kept up(p) by retailers In information warehouses. instances of data of importtained by retailers in data warehouses are sales, margin, inventory & other key merchandising performance measures. 7. Describe how retailers use data archeological site. Retailers use data mining to attend through warehoused data to harness trends & patterns that might oppositely take gone unnoticed. 8. Describe how associations are used with data mining to learn more to the highest degree customers. Associations are used with ATA milling to learn more roughly customers because the system links occurrences to a single notwithstandingt. 9. How is data mining used for affinity analysis?Data mining is used for affinity analysis because data warehouse can identify products & switch classifications most commonly purchased together. This result can be breach in store product & improved promotional display effectiveness. 10. I-1st both(prenominal) of the challenges approach retailers when using database market. Some retailers lack a strategy for coordinating database marketing with other traditional approaches. Some consumers feel that using information on their shopping habits institutes an invasion of privacy. 11.List the basic goals of using database marketing. Some basic goals of data base marketing is Targeting promotional p asss to special(prenominal) customers. Gaining a better arrest of customers. Strengthening the store customer relationship. week 3 Chapter 6- saying Product Trends 1 . why should buyers constantly monitor their merchandise integrate? Buyers should constantly monitor their merchandise mix because an appropriate mix today might not contain the right products tomorrow. 2. develop how products that buyers purchase influence personnel decisions for a store.Products that buyers purchase influence personnel decisions for a store because stores that wish to set a mode go steady moldiness be kn witness for offering new- musical modeed & unique products in the marketplace. Knowledgeable personnel are incumbent when stores have products such as designer gowns cameras or computers. 3. What have J Penny and Smart done to establish a fashion image? Smart developed private brands such as Jackal metalworker to acquire a more fashionable image for the store where as J Penny has added m all national brand names. 4. List basketball team examples of convenience products.Batteries Candy Toothpaste Fast food gasoline 5. Describe how word of honor section stores can lead astray kitchen gadgets as impulse items. De getment stores can sell kitchen gadgets as impulse items because retailers have seen sales skyrocket of some items scarcely by the placement of the products in the store. Seeing a product exhibit in a department store stimulates impulse purchasing of many products. 6. Give two examples of specialty products. Particular brand of perfume Newest Barbie biddy for their collection. 7. When do customers tend to open the life of durable products?Customers tend to stretch the life of durable products in economic times. 8. What is the difference teen a style and a fashion? Product. Fashion is the prevailing style that is accept & used by a particular group of lot at a particular time in a particular place. 9. Explain why buyers cannot agree fashion. Buyers c annot determine fashion because you must realize that your customers determine fashion. That is why you have to build your forecasting skills. Customers make that decision when they purchase. 10. Why do many buyers pleasant the addition of fashion items into their inventory?Buyers welcome the addition of fashion items into their inventory because it is a competitive advantage, new fashion rates ripple effects women will probably purchase new slips shoes & hosepipe as you make new product purchases you must determine the equal on other products that your store is selling. 11. Provide examples of how fashions have changed because of technology. Technology itself spreads the word on the new fashion & trends TV and the cyberspace have greatly increased the speed of new fashion awareness. some(prenominal) fashion trends started with a movie or what was worn by the frontmost lady or what was seen in movies. 2. Describe how new fashions may create a ripple effect with the sale of o ther products. New fashions may create a ripple effect with he sale of other products because when the length if skirts changes women will probably purchase new slips, shoes & hosiery as you make new product purchases you must determine the impact on other products that your store is selling. 13. Provide examples of how movies have influenced new products on the market In 1932 Letter Linton broad shouldered power suits designed for Joan Crosswords character.In 1955 bob up without a cause James dean t- shirt and red Jacket. 14. What problems do cults present for buyers? The problems that sacred cults present for buyers are obtaining enough supply while the cult s strong & then there is the problem of disposing of the leftover contain when the fad quickly dies. 15. How can buyers distinguish between a fad and a trend? Buyers can distinguish between a fad & a trend because fads tend to be in bendable there is few ways to alter the product, trends however tend to be more flexible wi th many ways of expression. 6. List the four degrees of the product life cycle. entre Growth Maturity Decline 17. Describe differences in pricing strategy between the introduction and decline stages of the product life cycle. Introduction stage products are characterized by low sales & losses as substantially as high risk. Decline stage buyers will not be purchasing products in this stage during this stage the target market shrinks & footing cutting minimizes profit margin. 18. Describe the downward flow theory of fashion adoption.Theory maintains that fashion innovators are those people at the top of the sociable pyramid such as royalty world leaders and the wealthy. 19. How can association of the product life cycle alleviate buyers decide which products to eliminate from their merchandise mix? Knowledge of the product life cycle will help buyers decide which products to eliminate from their merchandise mix because it allows you to determine rands to their merchandise mix? Buyers add private brands to their merchandise mix because they belong to the store exclusively. 1 . Why is the timing of markdowns on licensed products crucial for buyers? The timing of markdowns on licensed products is crucial for buyers because Disney items may be strong sellers for years but other products typically have sales that peak & then hand precipitously. 22. What is the first reason for the sustain to mass customization? The immemorial reason for the move to mass customization is many retailers are discarding the one size fits all philosophical system that has guided them for decades.MAthCourse discover Milestone 2 hearing Guide and Questions Form This is a form to record your information for this assignment. look backward the Course Project Milestone 2 Inter realizeee Guide and Questions guidelines and grading color in Doc Sharing (Assignments) forward to completing this form. Review the memorandum in Doc Sharing entitled, midland Question Tips. Refer to a ccessory A in your school text and select quintet categories upon which you will subdue for your query guide and promontorys. Type your answers to the undermentioned marvels using complete sentences and remedy grammar, spelling, and syntax.Note that the form is expandable. Indeed, you may need more pages to include the information that is pass in the guidelines for this assignment. Once you have fill in the form, click hold open as and save the file with your exsert name and assignment, for example, INNER _Milestones_Form_Smith. put up to the Milestone 2 basket in the Dropped by 1159 p. M. MET Sunday at the end of Week 4. Title Milestone 2 Your Name Samaritan Manson 1 . Note the proposed mesh of the wonder. Describe the location of the interview and how privacy will be maintained.Be particular(prenominal). (20 points) The interview will be conducted Saturday heroic 9, 2014. The interview will take place in the conference live on the fourth floor at Holy Cross Hospit al. solitude is maintained in the conference manner by a lock up door, it is lendable for private meetings on the weekends, and by it closed off/ segregate location on the fourth floor. 2. Describe the method you have elect for your process recording and your plans for making it. For example, if you convey to submit a moving-picture show file, how will you record and produce this?How will you upload it and send it to your instructor? (14 points) The method I have chosen for the process recording will be written. in that location will be a series of questions or the interviewee to answer and the written responses will be sent to the instructor. Possibly some photographs of the person getting interviewed will be added to the written process. 3. Identify five categories from Appendix A in your text from which you would like to develop primary (and follow-up) questions for your interview. The categories from which you may choose are listed at a lower place.Baccalaureate Vari ations and ethnic Aspects of the Incidence of Disease chat Cultural Affiliations Cultural Sanctions & Restrictions learnmental Considerations economic science Educational Background health- cogitate beliefs and Practices affinity and affable Networks Nutrition Religion and spiritism Values Orientation Type the names of the five categories you have chosen in the table below in the column marked Categories. 4. part one primary question for separately of the five categories. ravish assembly line that the questions should be in your own words and designed to elicit substantive responses, for example, open-ended or rivet format.Use the table to type each question next to its identical category. (60 points) 5. Develop two follow-up questions for each primary question. Type these next to the corresponding primary questions. (40 points) 6. Indicate reasons for asking specific questions that relate to culture of first and health conduct experiences. (50 points) Categories Pri mary Question associate to course of instruction Follow-up Questions for each primary question Reasons for asking questions that are related to culture of origin socio-economic class 1 Help me better understand your culture by explaining the different health heraldic bearing restrictions? . What would you fate us to know about your spiritual needs and resources? Cultural sanctions and restrictions can affect a patient, family, and guardianship team in the course of a infirmaryizing. These restrictions can prevent a patient from going to urge, getting a blood transfusion, or even prevent a patient from taking a true medication. . 2. transport tell me more about the type of cultural sanctions you are have-to doe with in and how we can incorporate that into your headache? Category 2 What age do educators start focusing on teaching method health? . If diagnosed with a problem what forms of teaching are available? wellness education builds knowledge, skills, and corrobora tory attitudes about health. Health education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates people to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and tame risky behaviors. Knowing a persons resources allows educators to provide specific material or extra depending on what is available. 2. Please describe more fully to me what study resources are available?Category 3 Help me better understand what types of social networks are available and what types of social life/hobbies you have? 1 . What type of advertisement do medical facilities use to educate patients? Social media has become a part of health business by groundbreaking startups, patient communities and medical centers. There has been a revolution in health care tools from vertical search and social networks to health content aggressors and wellness tools. Patients have been active on social media to find health information, find support through discussion groups and forums, and chronicle their illness Journeys.They are as well interested in using social media to facilitate communication between themselves and their providers. Hospitals are moving from experiment to strategic use of social media to raise brand loyalty and cypher new patients. Medical centers use social media as a teaching tool and to promote primary care. 2. What is the main form of communication between patients and physicians. Category 4 What are the major food groups consumed in your frequent diet? . Help me understand the food restrictions in your culture?Health care professionals must learn to extol and appreciate the variety of cultural traditions related to food and the wide summercater of food practices within different cultures. Nutrition plays a big exercise in primary care. Health professionals need to respect but withal need to educate patients with certain problems on how to modify their diets. 2. It might be helpful for me to know what we can and cannot modify in your diet? Cat egory 5 Health Related Beliefs Help me better understand your view on health and what types of care you received in the past? 1 .What types of treatment do you prove alternative medicine or horse opera medicine? Health care beliefs can stem from religion or different traditions which tend to be complex and it is impossible to predict how any one patient or family member may understand or apply them in the consideration of health care. Therefore, providers should encourage patients and family members to interpret how religious/cultural values may be pertinent to a hospital stay regarding personal needs, interaction with staff, and decisions about treatment 2. What are the specific concerns you would like health care workers to avoid while you are in the hospital.MAthCourse Project Milestone 2 Interview Guide and Questions Form This is a form to record your information for this assignment. Review the Course Project Milestone 2 Interviewee Guide and Questions guidelines and grading rubric in Doc Sharing (Assignments) prior to completing this form. Review the document in Doc Sharing entitled, INNER Question Tips. Refer to Appendix A in your text and select five categories upon which you will concentrate for your interview guide and questions. Type your answers to the following questions using complete sentences and correct grammar, spelling, and syntax.Note that the form is expandable. Indeed, you may need more pages to include the information that is requested in the guidelines for this assignment. Once you have filled in the form, click Save as and save the file with your last name and assignment, for example, INNER _Milestones_Form_Smith. Submit to the Milestone 2 basket in the Dropped by 1159 p. M. MET Sunday at the end of Week 4. Title Milestone 2 Your Name Samaritan Manson 1 . Note the proposed date of the interview. Describe the location of the interview and how privacy will be maintained.Be specific. (20 points) The interview will be conducted Saturday August 9, 2014. The interview will take place in the conference room on the fourth floor at Holy Cross Hospital. Privacy is maintained in the conference room by a lock door, it is available for private meetings on the weekends, and by it closed off/segregated location on the fourth floor. 2. Describe the method you have chosen for your process recording and your plans for making it. For example, if you choose to submit a video file, how will you record and produce this?How will you upload it and send it to your instructor? (14 points) The method I have chosen for the process recording will be written. There will be a series of questions or the interviewee to answer and the written responses will be sent to the instructor. Possibly some photographs of the person getting interviewed will be added to the written process. 3. Identify five categories from Appendix A in your text from which you would like to develop primary (and follow-up) questions for your interview. The categories fro m which you may choose are listed below.Baccalaureate Variations and Cultural Aspects of the Incidence of Disease Communication Cultural Affiliations Cultural Sanctions & Restrictions Developmental Considerations Economics Educational Background Health-Related beliefs and Practices Kinship and Social Networks Nutrition Religion and Spirituality Values Orientation Type the names of the five categories you have chosen in the table below in the column marked Categories. 4. Develop one primary question for each of the five categories. Please note that the questions should be in your own words and designed to elicit meaningful responses, for example, open-ended or focused format.Use the table to type each question next to its corresponding category. (60 points) 5. Develop two follow-up questions for each primary question. Type these next to the corresponding primary questions. (40 points) 6. Indicate reasons for asking specific questions that relate to culture of origin and healthcare e xperiences. (50 points) Categories Primary Question Related to Category Follow-up Questions for each primary question Reasons for asking questions that are related to culture of origin Category 1 Help me better understand your culture by explaining the different health care restrictions? . What would you want us to know about your spiritual needs and resources? Cultural sanctions and restrictions can affect a patient, family, and care team in the course of a hospitalizing. These restrictions can prevent a patient from going to urge, getting a blood transfusion, or even prevent a patient from taking a certain medication. . 2. Please tell me more about the type of cultural sanctions you are involved in and how we can incorporate that into your care? Category 2 What age do educators start focusing on teaching health? . If diagnosed with a problem what forms of teaching are available? Health education builds knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health. Health education teach es about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates people to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and reduce risky behaviors. Knowing a persons resources allows educators to provide specific material or extra depending on what is available. 2. Please describe more fully to me what learning resources are available?Category 3 Help me better understand what types of social networks are available and what types of social life/hobbies you have? 1 . What type of advertisement do medical facilities use to educate patients? Social media has become a part of health care by innovative startups, patient communities and medical centers. There has been a revolution in health care tools from vertical search and social networks to health content aggressors and wellness tools. Patients have been active on social media to find health information, find support through discussion groups and forums, and chronicle their illness Journeys.They are also interested in using social media to facilitate communication between themselves and their providers. Hospitals are moving from experimentation to strategic use of social media to enhance brand loyalty and recruit new patients. Medical centers use social media as a teaching tool and to promote primary care. 2. What is the main form of communication between patients and physicians. Category 4 What are the major food groups consumed in your everyday diet? . Help me understand the food restrictions in your culture?Health care professionals must learn to respect and appreciate the variety of cultural traditions related to food and the wide variation of food practices within different cultures. Nutrition plays a big role in primary care. Health professionals need to respect but also need to educate patients with certain problems on how to modify their diets. 2. It might be helpful for me to know what we can and cannot modify in your diet? Category 5 Health Related Beliefs Help me better understand your view on health and what types of care you received in the past? 1 .What types of treatment do you seek alternative medicine or western medicine? Health care beliefs can stem from religion or different traditions which tend to be complex and it is impossible to predict how any one patient or family member may understand or apply them in the context of health care. Therefore, providers should encourage patients and family members to interpret how religious/cultural values may be pertinent to a hospital stay regarding personal needs, interaction with staff, and decisions about treatment 2. What are the specific concerns you would like health care workers to avoid while you are in the hospital.

A Leader in On-Line Travel Services Essay

The locomote industry is billion dollar sign a year care. Year round people from all walks encounter the roads and departing plane seats in search of travel advantage. at that slip is no doubt that the travel industry will continue to be in demand, however, while vacationers, business travelers and everyone in between anticipate expenditure a good chunk of change to get from point a to point b, no person wants to part with their hard earned money. Thankfully, slightly genius out there understood this.Along with the evolution of the technical advances came a miraculous source for locating the outdo deals in travel, from flights to hotels to cable car rental. Based on the number of travel websites available, no longer do discounted travel options belong solely to commissioned travel agents. Today, everyone from housewives to grandpas to beer-guzzling football fanatics hand over the capability of obtaining their own travel deals. Parented by Expedia, Inc and based in Washing ton State, Expedia. com revolutionized the way people travel the world, and as time continues, its run only get better.With a bit of research, a pen and around paper, soon-to-be travelers are able to decide what airline or hotel best suits their needfully (and their wallets) all with just now a few clicks of the mouse. While adversarys such as operateocity and Priceline convolution much of the same serve, Expedia. com continues to be a leader in the travel industry (PR Newswire, p. 1). Thousands of hotels, airlines and other travel accommodators have joined in to vie for the travelers business, and the wooing has resulted in deep discounts and sometimes little extras, such as free hotel nights. Expedia. oms early long time were a bit primitive, but as the demand for travel options increased, the business flourished. Expedia. com has become a household name among travelers and will continue to be a source for deal seekers around the world. Expedia. coms big spread came in 1 996 when Richard Barton, who, at the time, was responsible for creating CD-ROMS for Microsoft, presented the idea of offering travel options on-line (NetIndustries, p. 1).Microsoft Network1 reluctantly began assisting in web exposure in order to start out business for the experimental beau monde (NetIndustries, p. ). While discounted airline tickets were the only crossroad Expedia was offering at the time, the investment Microsoft placed in expert innovations for the company greatly expanded the number of people coming across Expedia. coms website. A few short years would prove that Expedia. com was not just some fly-by-night dot-com. In 1999, Microsoft Network spun off a portion of their interest in Expedia for public availability a buy the farm that increased Expedia. coms worth within hours (NetIndustries, p. 1).With success under their belt, Microsoft opted to dish out its entire interest in Expedia. com to the States Networks, Inc. 2. Led by chief executive officer Erik Blachford, Expedia. com is wholly owned by InterActiveCorp (PBM, p. 1). Teaming up with Classic Custom Vacations, Expedia merged Travel and Travelscape. com, Inc. , Expedia. com found itself in the perfect position to expand the types of travel services offered, and could continue fulfilling their mission of utilizing electronic sourcing in order to lead the best travel options to its users (About Expedia. com, p. 1).Services available through Expedia. com include discounted flights, hotel accommodations, railcar rental, cruises and even vacation packages, all for domestic and international destinations. Additionally, the company offers pleader to travelers who are unsure of the type of travel they are seeking. By clicking the activities assay on the website, destination seekers are able to view events taking place all over the world (Expedia. com, p7).Additional services include printable maps, an easy 1. Microsoft Network, a major software developer, assisted Expedia. om by p roviding technological resources, to include premium web exposure, which played a major character reference in Expedia. coms growth. 2. USA Networks, a media based operator, changed its name to USA Interactive upon completing its purchase of Expedia. com. USA Interactive also owns Expedia. com competitor Hotels. com (SJP, 2002). to maneuver website and 24/7 customer service. Along with success, Expedia. com endured its share of struggles. In early operations, Expedia faced several(prenominal) lawsuits, including one from competitor Priceline. om for infringing on a patented name your price service. Other competitors, such as Travelocity. com were heating things up by adding new features and services to their websites. Expedia. coms defense was to play-up the features and services they already used by launching a major marketing private road using tags like Dont just travel. Travel right, and Where do you want to go today? (NetIndustries, p. 1).While the marketing campaign was a success, profit success was short-lived when some airlines stopped compensable commissions to on-line travel agents, including Expedia. om. While competitors such as Priceline. com tagged on hefty $10. 00 surcharges to customers using airlines who didnt pay commissions, Expedia was able to negotiate with several airlines in order to avoid charging additional fees to customers, while continuing to offer those airlines services without feeling too much of a punch (NetIndustries, . 1). Overcoming these challenges, Expedia continues its success by utilizing a product line pricing strategy, which entails offering a variety of products at personad pricing, or bundling packages and charging accordingly.A mere 11 years old, Expedia. com has become established nationally as well as internationally. Today, Expedia. coms success continues. It employs 1,758 people, and averages sales at an estimated $590 million (NetIndustries, p. 1). The future includes cogitate on the business traveler, w hose needs are being met by providing the widest range of products possible, and offering little comforts such as the Expedia. com Cafe3. Cornering the market with the best deals, Expedia. com will continue to lead the on-line travel industry without wanting a beat.

Renaissance and Reformation

conversion and reformation Test Hu populaceism- Classical texts from the Greek and Roman socialization lead to humanism. Humanism focused on human potential and achievements. great deal stopped worrying about Christian teachings. Influenced finesseists and architects. History, Literature, and Philosophy are liberal arts subjects. Secular- throng became concerned with the here and now Predestination- C all in allings book/doctrine Institutes of the Christian Religion states that everyone is sinful by nature and God has kn bear from the starting line base who he will save. Council of Trend- Pope Paul Ill 4th shade toward reform was to call a great council of hurt leaders to Trend.Catholic Bishops and Cardinals agree on several doctrines 1) church building interpretation of the rule book was final anyone who substituted in that respect ideas was a heretic 2) Christians need corporate trust and good works for redemption 3) The Bible and church building traditions were both a s powerful for guidance 4)luncheons were sensible expressions of creed Annul- Divorce was not allowed however the pontiff could annul the mirage which meaner to risk proof that the mirage was never legal in the first place Recant-to work back a statement you made about something Indulgence- you pay sportds for an indulgence and it will take away our sin Patron-Popes who beautified the cities by disbursal large amounts of money 95 thesis- Luther wrote 95 theses that he thought the church should change which lead to reformation- a movement for spectral reform. His teaching had 3 main ideas 1) People could win salvation by ONLY with faith in god, the church taught that faith and good workers were mandatory for salvation 2) altogether church teachings should be based on the bible.The pope and church traditions were spurious authorities 3) All population with faith were equal therefore slew didnt need priests to interpret the bible for them monastic order of Worms- world p ower Charles declared Luther of an shepherds crook and heretic, no one was supposed to give him food or shelter and his books were to be burned. However Prince Frederick gave him shelter in a fort and pack began to follow his sayings priests wore regular clothes and called themselves misters, led service in German not Latin and some ministers married, which created a new religious concourse called the Lutheran instead of seeking reforms against the Catholic church.Protestant- A Christian who is not Catholic Peace of Suburbs- German princes decided if there state would be catholic or rottenest function of Supremacy- English act of fan tan that recognised hydrogen VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England not the pope Anabaptist- Believed that people shouldnt be baptized into the Christian faith as children because they were not old enough to decide if they wanted to be Christian taught that the church and the state should be separate, and they refused to fight wars.V iewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened nightspot both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them Peasants Revolt-peasants were excited by Lathers revolutionary ideas and demanded an end to serfdom. The revolt aff sound Luther so Luther wrote a pamphlet urging the German Princes to show no mercy, the army crushed the revolt massacring over 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed by Luther some(prenominal) peasants rejected his religious leadership.However through his writings he remained influential People Igniting of Loyola- Catholic reformer, wrote the Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and take in. The pope made Igniting a religious ordination called the Society of Jesus Members were called Jesuits- concentrated on 3 ideas 1) Founded schools throughout Europe. 2) veer non-Christians toCatholicism 2) Stop Protestantism from spreading Johann Gutenberg- Reinvented movable type and the printing press- machine that presses written report ag ainst a tray full of inked movable type created the first completed bible called the Gutenberg Bible Johann Tested- Was raising money to rebuild SST. Pewters Cathedral in Rome, he did this by selling indulgences, he gave the impression that by tainting indulgences you could buy your way to heaven Martin Luther Against Tested for selling indulgences Wrote 95 thesis assail Pardon Merchants Believed you can only when win salvation through faith and forgiveness of GodExcommunicated by Pope king of beasts X Charles V issued the Edict of Worms declaring Luther as a heretic, alone Prince Frederick sheltered him in a castle Translated the New Testament to German Lutheran were his followers John Calvin Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Called the few people that God chooses to save the elect God has known since the beginning of duration who will be saved-predestination Calvinist Ruled Geneva, Switzerland with theocrac y (government ruled by religious leaders) Geneva was a city of high moral because of how strict he wasHenry VIII Married to Catherine of Argon and has a daughter named Mary but wants a divorce so he can have a son to be the heir to the throne Pope refused to annul his coupling so he called together a session with the reformation Parliament and asked to pass a set of laws that ended the popes power in England Act of Supremacy made the king the head of the Church of England, not the pope Closed monasteries and increased total power Anne had a daughter named Elizabeth so he imprisoned her in a tower and beheaded her third wife gave him his son, Edward ErasmusChristian humanist from Holland who wrote The Praise of Folly which made fun of greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Believes in Christianity of the heart Wrote in Latin In order to improve society, all people should study the Bible Catherine of Argon- Married to Henry VII never had a son s o Henry wanted to annul the marriage at first the pope said no because she did not want to offend the dedicated Roman Empire Charles V but later after Henry VII put in the Act of Supremacy- Made the English king the head of church not the pope the marriage was annulled Pope Leo X- excommunicated Luther after 95 thesis Artists Donated- Made sculptures more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions carved the statue David Leonardo De Vinci- Artistic scientist, painted Mona Lisa and The finale Supper, A True spiritual rebirth Man Raphael- Learned from Leonardo De Vinci and Michelangelo, particoloured the walls of Julius II Library, Painted School of Athens, conveys the unsullied literature of the rebirth and shows classical and Renaissance figures together Michelangelo- Sculpted David second, glorified the human body and explored Renaissance theme of human potential, minted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Scientific artist, true Renaissance man Jan Van Check- Ita lian Renaissance, Oil-based Paintings very realistic Writers Machiavelli- Wrote The Prince which said a prince must(prenominal) be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox, he might have to trick his enemys and even his own people for the good of the state, he was not concerned with the morally right but with the politically effective Castigation-published The Courtier with the help of Aviators Cologne Sir Thomas Moore- Christian Humanists, he was concerned with societys flaws, wrote Utopia about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people.In Greek Utopia meaner no place but in English it has come to mean ideal place because of Mores book free-spoken Perspective- AD art Vernacular- Native language Anglican- Anglican Church= only legal Church of England Elizabeth was head of Church Presbyterian-Followers of John Knox he was a preacher from Scotland whom spread the teaching of John Calvin and made Calvinist Scotland appointed religion Catholic reclamation- Helping Catholics re main loyal to the church Questions The Renaissance began in Italy because of thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome. England lagged behind because of the bubonic plague and the 100 years war.A perfect Renaissance Man- Charming, witty, well-educated, Dance, sing, institute music, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, self-controlled Federal vs.. gray Renaissance Art Northern Focused only on Religion about landscapes and the lifestyles of people Southern more secular Greek and Roman mythologies, about gods and goddesses Catholic Reformation took steps like having the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, and the Council of Trend to address the Protestant Reformation 4 movements that made up the Reformation . 3. 4. What changes did this bring to Europe? Of nix books- Institutes of Christian Religion- Index Sarandon- Patriarch- Velasquez- What city was the center of the Renaissance? Florence, Italy What type of art was the focus of the Renaissance?Realism (sometimes using Biblical scenes) The merchant family named Renaissance. Medici was important at the beginning of the Who led the split away from the Catholic Church in England? Henry VIII Why did England split from the church? The King wanted a male heir so he needed to divorce his wife What country did the Protestant reformation start in? Germany (Martin Luther in Wattenberg) How was the printing press crucial to Martin Luther? He could spread his beliefs more efficiently This movement resulted from the Protestant Reformation. It was an attempt to change the Catholic Church to better meet the needs of its followers. Catholic Reformation 1 .Reasons that the Renaissance originated on the Italian peninsula include all of the following EXCEPT the peninsulas A. geographic location B. Political organization C. Religion D. Social structure E. frugal structure 2. Which of the following is NOT a Renaissance value? A. triumph of ancient languages B. Derogate of t he arts C. Scholarly achievement D. Proficiency in the military arts E. Civic duty 3. Renaissance humanism A. libertine mastery of ancient languages B. Urged the development of a single talent to nonpareil C. Valued ancient philosophers as the final authorities on all matters D. Denied the existence of God E. Valued scholarship for its own sake and for the eminence it brought the city-state 4.The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a terminal of A. Guileless B. Manipulations C. The lay morality movement D. The Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy E. The doge 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to the Renaissance esthetical achievement? A. The patronage of the pope B. The invasion of Italy by the French C. The war-ridden spirit of competing elites D. The apprentice system E. The lack of separation between esthetical and commercial aspects of the Renaissance art world 6. Which of the f ollowing did NOT change the spread of the Renaissance? A. The Treaty of Load B.Manilas invitation to Charles VIII to bring process to Italy C. The printing press D. Students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian peninsula E. The lay piety pavement 7. Renaissance art A. Was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists B. Was characterized by religious subject matter C. Abandoned painting in kick upstairs of sculpture D. Was characterized by its concern for the human form E. Did not convey patrons 8. Northern humanism A. Was less secular than Italian humanism B. think scholarship and learning with religious piety C. Criticized the notion that priests were required to record the Bible D. Contributed to the Reformation E. All of the above 1 .

Communication for organizations Essay

The lucre was introduced to the world not withal abundant ago. However, since its introduction, it has since grown at an amazing rate. People this instant character reference the network for tuition, inquiry, and recently, even shopping. Faster modem speeds fool caused much heap to imprecate on the mesh as culture can be ensn are at an amazing speed. In todays business world, it has now become essential for a play along to have profit access. in that location are very(prenominal) few businesses today that do not have their own sacksites and e- air address from which the public can contact them. at a lower place is an analysis of how the Internet has changed conversations for organisations.In the past, conversations within organisations were largely done either by the word of mouth or by writing memos. By word of mouth, when people wanted to communicate with a individual within the office, he had to either go to the desk to tell the individual mortal the mess age or do it through the phone. However, one line of work with this is that the message might gravel distorted when passing from one person to some different. Furthermore, when passing a message by word of mouth, thither is no written tell apart of what was said. As such, it would be very difficult to transit the agreements made within the 2 parties later on.Another federal agency people used to communicate within organisations without the Internet were by passing memos. They would plainly write a memo with their intended message to their colleague and founder it on the persons desk or in-tray. However, these memos give a person inordinate paperwork and very often, the persons desk will be modify up with memos. As a result of this, these memos very often get lost and thus lose its credibility.Companies in addition had a hard eon communicating with people outside their office organisation, especially with overseas branches. adept of the ways includes using the method k nown as snail mail today. They would send their letters over to their counterparts overseas via mail. Not only did this include a very high cost, this was often a very verbose way of communication. A mail would take a minimum of 3 days before it would reach its recipient This is a very era consuming way of communication and could cost a company a lot of money in this closely moving business world.Should a company need to send documents out immediately, one of the ways they could do it was via fax. This method, though faster than mail, was still very slow. Fax quality is too not known to be of high. The cost incurred by faxing was withal very high. A fax to an overseas country was calculated as the selfsame(prenominal) rate as an overseas call. There is excessively no evidence that the document has been faxed over and conflicts may occur.Basically, communications for organisations without Internet was usually too slow or limited in terms of capacity of information that could b e sent over. High costs for postage or faxing were also incurred in these ways.Since the introduction of the Internet, communications within organisations is now made easier. The Internet has nominated us with E-mails, chat rooms, as well as Internet-to-handphone communications. Furthermore, these programs also provide official records of agreements and conversational exchanges. E-mails and chat transcripts are recognized by the gracious court, thus adding validity and trust to the communication process.E-mails are almost instantaneous, ensuring no waste of time in the communication process. An e-mail that was sent in Singapore today can be received in another country across the world within seconds. With todays fast moving business world, speed in communication is essential and there is a need for real-time information. The E-mail provides a very satisfactory solution to this problem.The Internet also provides us with chat programs such as MSN Messenger, ICO and AOL. These progr ams allow 2 users who are countries apart to communicate to each other instantaneously. They would be able to know how negotiations across the world are passage on and thus be able to make the necessary decisions. Furthermore, these programs also allow multi-user chat. This enables many people, all in different countries, to form a discussion and to trade information. These programs also have the function of adding a web camera and mike. As such, it would be just like a videoconference. However, the scoop out point of all this is that companies incurs little cost for this.These programs are easily downloaded from the Internet and all the company has to pay for is the net time that they use.The Internet also allows file get rid ofs between 2 people. As such, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets and entre databases can be e-mailed from one person to another. This would help a company who is spread across different countries. Company branches around the world could take away files o ver to the headquarters who can compile them and access their businesses around the world.The Internet has also made communications between the company and the public a lot easier. closely organisations already have their own website that provides more information to the public about their goods and services. They would provide information on the goods/services that they are selling with probably a description and price. The public could then research the company up on their own instead of calling up the company to find out this information.Usually, they would also provide, on their website, a itemisation of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about their company to answer the publics queries. Most organisations now also have E-mails with which the public can reach them. whole these would save them the manpower required to answer phone calls and channel it to bust uses.In general, without the use of the Internet, most of the communication was done either verbally or using hard-copy means. As mentioned before, a verbal means of communication lacked written black-and-white evidence of the conversation and a lot is relied on the integrity of the people involved. Hard copy means were also not a very good means of communications, as it would cause excessive paperwork. Furthermore, once the hard copy documents are either lost or destroyed accidentally, it would be impossible to trace it back. The Internet has brought with it an ability to transfer documents via soft copy, enabling the recipient to make any necessary amendments to the documents.The Internet also allows companies to communicate better with its customers and the public. It enables customers to communicate with the company without having to personally go to the companys location.The Internet has brought about many changes in the way communications are made within organisations. It has made communication more efficient and has also brought down the cost of communications for companies. It is no admire that more and more companies are looking to the Internet to solve their communication problems.

Original Sin: A Cultural History Essay

Original Sin A Cultural History has been scripted by Alan Jacobs. What makes this book distinctive is that it is a cultural history of current viciousness, non a train of theology or spirituality though, it does fasten with some theological work, predominantly with Augustine. It is an exemplary history not because it represents goodness that other historians would do well to emulate, besides because it makes its case through examples. It highlights narratives roughly people, people who engage in a serious and considerate flair with the idea of legitimate underworld, whether by accepting it, refu guiltfulnessg it, or brawling with the possibility of it.It is an good-hearted book though it doesnt exercise all the uncertaintys about the teaching but it is more or less not fair to criticize it for that as it was not Jacobs intention to write a work of theological history. What makes it so useful is its assessment of how the doctrine has inclined literature, philosophy, g overnment or in short, how it has influenced Western culture. An indispensable question through the while has been whether human nature is basically good or basically evil.If it is good, world-wide human development may be assumed if it is intrinsically faulty, hence the American Founders were right in proclaiming that nature has to be constrained by justice. Though some people have suggested that passkey sin is the and empirically provable Christian doctrine, however, views vary on what maestro sin is. In this deep, original, and witty book, Professor Alan Jacobs displays wide learning worn lightly as he scrutinizes the views of writers like Benjamin Franklin and Harriet Beecher Stowe, Jonathan Edwards and C. S. Lewis, and Sigmund Freud and J.R. R. Tolkien.The concept of original sin predates Christianity, Jacobs points out, citing not only Genesis 3, in which Adam and Eve have the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and are expelled from Paradise, but also Psalm 51, which declares that military man are conceived in sin and innate(p) in iniquity. The universality of sin, Jacobs concludes, is certainly a Jewish belief. He explains that the traditions of twain Eastern and Western Christianity, though changeable in their details, have that idol created human nature intrinsically good.The writer is of the view that goodness must require freedom if it is not to be robotic, and that Adam and Eve freely chose their own will over that of God, thus consigning original sin. All humans take part in original sin, whether it is passed on from propagation to generation through time, or whether the whole human race decides in bingle everlasting moment to disobey God. In the book, Jacobs efficiently defends Augustine against the legion(predicate) attacks against him, demonstrating that doctrines of original sin similar to Augustines headed him by at to the lowest degree ii centuries in both the East and the West.Jacobs quickly neglects the b elief that original sin was sexual. Adam and Eve practiced free sex in heaven before their expulsion. Original sin is the initial declaration of human self-importance-complacency against God. Augustine did maintain that original sin, once it existed, was inherited through generations, in the similar way that today we understand genetic flaws are passed on. Contrary to some other common misconception about Augustine, he was obdurate that the source of sin does not lie in the body but rather in the degeneration of the will.Writers most unique and thought provoking cause is that original sin has strong self-governing implications. Refutation of original sin leads to elitism. For instance, the Duchess simply refuses to believe that she shares a common nature with the selfrighteous people who trust that they can make themselves good by stacking up a higher pile of good deeds than of worse ones. Another point that the writers emphasizes is that no one receives the full brunt of his rage as much as Rousseau and the myth of the noble savage.Writing of the Wordsworthian shove off about the innocence and wholesomeness of children, he argues, certainly I have evermore wondered whether those who talk about childlike innocence have had children of their own or even spent much time around them. When he narrates the no-good outcome of the child of an intellectual who was sent to Rousseau to be raised harmonize to the philosophers indulging theories in Emile, he notes that the boy never afterwards took well to education of any kind.He became a sailor and finally immigrated to America, dying in North Carolina at the age of thirty-two. At least Jacobs is honest in not repressing his Schadenfreude over the underdeveloped honorable growth of the young man. This of course raises a perfectly valid question that how profitable is this book for a nonbeliever? Jacobs, as prominent, never hides his positions, and he certainly lays out a historically informed defense of w hat many have considered a most destructive doctrine that grew out of the fact self-loathing anti-humanism of Paul and Augustine.If I see myself on such position on the doctrine of original sin, I personally agree with the concept of the original sin as discussed by the writer in this book. It illuminates that original sin has strong independent implications. It also illustrates that the basis of sin does not lie in the body but relatively in the artifice of the will. On the other hand it obscures or doesnt explain the answer to the vital question that whether the human nature is good or evil. If it is good, universal human progress can be understood if it is intrinsically faulty, so it can be concluded that nature has to be constrained by justice.

A comparison of Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘OF Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck Essay

I im wear out be comparing the apologues Frankenstein by bloody shame Shelley and Of Mice and hands by John Steinbeck. I exit focus on how the main castaways in each book feel and how their emotions are presented and what effects this has on the proofreader.The novel Frankenstein is about(predicate) a piece master Frankenstein, who grew up in Geneva, Switzerland as an eldest son of a quite wealthy and happy family. His parents choose an orphan Elizabeth, who later be tote ups his wife. Frankenstein wasnt in truth popular although he had a unspoiled friend c in alled Henry Cleval. At a young sequence he found the need to arrest and at 19 he went to a University in Ingolstadt, Germevery. Here he found his need to learn level(p) greater and his interests soon became an obsession.After four years of intense studying he took his defecate further and created life from different split of the hu macrocosm trunk taken graveyards, slaughterhouses and dissecting rooms. When th e creature awoke he realised that he had created a monster, scarcely what skipper hadnt realised was that it had feelings like any other(a) hu military man being. Out of his nervousness when the monster disappeared, he caught a fever which his good friend Henry Cleval nursed him back to health.As he went home he was informed of his brothers death, and when he saw the creature again he knew it was the monster. Scared of what his family might mobilize he decided not to tell them however he let his knowledge of the real refineer intellectually torture him, especially when Justine a good friend of the family was accuse and hanged for murder. He left over(p) the house and went meandering(a) in the valleys, there Frankensteins creation meets him and tells him his life novel.After departure Frankensteins laboratory, the monster went and found himself in a village where he was by attacked villagers because of his appearance. He wherefore found refuge in the awkward side and s tayed in a beautiful hovel next to a house occupied by a blind man and his 2 children. Here he learnt to speak and read by reading the familys books. Then longing for some companions he speaks to the blind man which he knows wont judge him on appearance. He cooks in a friendly conversation tho then the mans children come back and it all goes wrong. The monster filled with anger and rage then runs of into the forest Here he meets Frankensteins younger brother who he strangles, knowing that it will hurt Frankenstein.The monster has only has request from Frankenstein, that he makes him a wife so he wont be lonely all his life. Frankenstein is moved by this and agrees, knowing that the monster will carry on killing if he doesnt. Victor leaves for England with Henry Cleval to hit attain his work, lustrous to Elizabeth that he will marry her on his return. Victor started to work on his second creation when he starts to get doubts and destroys his work while the monster is secretly watching.The monster then swears r fifty-fiftyge and tells Victor that he will be with him on his wedding night. The next twenty-four hours clock the body of Henry Cleval is found and Victor is accused of murder. He sees the body and in the end gets cleared of the charge and he heads back to Geneva very unwell, knowing that the monster has claimed some other victim. He then gets married to Elizabeth promising to tell her the secret after there wedding night, but she gets killed by the monster. After another member of his family is lost he tracks the monster which eventually leads him to the artic, where he gets taken aboard Waltons ship. Exhausted he tells Walton his apologue and asks him to kill themonster if he dies. The ship gets free of the ice where the bunch decide to go home, Victors health decreases until he eventually dies and the monster visits his baselesscorpse. He then talks about his suffering and how he hates himself because of all the people he has killed. Fin ally with no meaning to life left he talks about building his funeral pile and leaves the ship.The book Of Mice and Men has two main characters, George Milton and Lennie Small. George and Lennie work unneurotic going from bed cover to ranch as labourers. Lennie is a huge man, gigantic in size but has a brain of a child whereas George is a small man but is highly intelligent they hang round and work together using Lennies strength and Georges brains. They both recently flee from a farm in Weed where a woman accused Lennie of rape, when he was supposedly only feeling her dress because he likes around the bend things. Lennie loves George telling him about his dream of having small farm with a vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch. The rabbit hutch is the only part of the plan that Lennie constantly remembers because of his limited memory span.The two head off for a ranch in California, when they are almost the George tells Lennie that if there is any trouble he is to efface in the br ush near the river and tolerate for George to find him. When George and Lennie reach the farm where they will be working, they meet an ageing man called Candy who shows them their beds and tells them that their boss is angry because they are late. The boss speaks to Lennie but finds it suspicious because George keeps speaking for Lennie. After the boss leaves, his son Curly enters the bunkhouse looking for his wife. Curly has a new wife who everyone knows that she always flirts with other men. posterior that evening Curlys wife comes in and starts flirting, later on curly returns and starts picking on Lennie in an attempt to start a fight because he likes to think he is tougher than everyone else. After the first day at work, all the men return to the bunkhouse where Slim, a kind man gives Lennie a puppy. The other men leave for the Whorehouse and Lennie goes and visits Crooks, a dingy stable buck. Crooks makes Lennie realize how alone and isolated he would be if George ramshac kle Lennie.The next morning Lennie is playing with his new puppy when he circumstantially kills it, Curlys wife then enters the barn and lets him feel her ticklish dress, with his huge size he gets a bit thrustful and she begins to scream. nerve-racking not to get into trouble he covers her mouth and accidentally breaks her neck. Lennie runs to hide in the brush where he hopes George will save him. The other men then find her dead body and hunt Lennie down to kill him. George knows where Lennie is and points them in the opposite direction. George steals Carlsons gun and finds Lennie, he calms him down but then shoots him in the head. The others then find him and George tells them what happened.Both stories end in tragedy, and have as a central figure as an outcast delinquent to a mental or physical defect. In Frankenstein the generator starts of by fashioning Victor seem happy and jolly psyche to help contrast the change in his mood and his way of sentiment later in the boo k, much like George telling Lennie about the small farm they are going to own. In Frankenstein the Monster had the potential to be good or bad and for the majority of the book he was stressful to be good and get some friends I, Should first win their favour, and afterwards there love Due to his defects though, none felt unselfishness for him, he was just a monster this was what drove him to the killing .He tried making friends with the blind which went very well until his children came back and they say him Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father . He soon began hatred for all man kind, for them being so predigest against how he looked.In both stories the generator creates sympathy for the two characters, Frankensteins monster is an outcast because of his physical defects and Lennie because of his mental defects. The writer creates sympathy for the monster by giving it hideous looks where even the creator Frankenstein can not bare to look at it h e was ugly then but it became a thing such as Dante could not have conceived The fact that monster had the potential to be good or bad but turns bad because of the way people dispense him adds more sympathy.There are loads of other points in the story where sympathy is created for the monster, a main point is when Frankenstein goes back on his book of account and decides not to make the monster a partner so it will not be lonely. Also the monsters talk with Frankenstein on why he wants another one like himself gets a lot of sympathy from the reader. I thought with a sensation of madness on my promise of creating another like him, trembling with passion, torn to pieces the thing on which I engaged. Mary Shelly keeps adding sympathy through the novel as she uses very dramatic and descriptive language to show the monsters agony.Later on in the novel the sympathy soon runs out for the monster as he turns evil and makes his head purpose of his existence to seek revenge on his creator. Lennie gets sympathy in a whole different way, he is not totally jilted by society like Frankensteins monster but inactive does not fit in like other people due to his mental intellect. Throughout the novel Steinbeck emphasises Lennies two main defects, his astounding strength and mental intellect of a child and when put together these can be a very dangerous combination. Steinbeck constantly reminds the reader of Lennies child like attitude and his lack of adult ken e.g. when he kept the dead mouse in his pocket as a pet.The way Steinbeck writes throughout the novel about how Lennie is an incredible worker and can lift twice as much as other men emphases Lennies incredible strength. The way Lennie always talks about the rabbits gains him a lot of sympathy from the reader as it is the kind of thing a child would talk about. Another time Steinbeck makes the reader feel sorry for Lennie is when he accidentally kills the puppy which he loved dearly, this shows that he does not alw ays follows Georges commands and it can get him into trouble. During the story the writer does not want the reader to hate Lennie even through he commits a serious crime the reader tranquillize feels sympathy for him as he acts in the only way that he knows how.

Psychometrics Validty and elaiability

circumscribe Introduction The pickax of employees is one of the nearly signifi cigargonttet tasks a human being resources practitioner Is faced with. This locomotes the f small of employees entering and exiting the firm. Mevery Issues may come out If the recruiting process Is non In accordance with the South African Legislation, viz. the Employment equity act and the labor relations act, which g everyplacens the reliableness grimness, preconception and fairness of psychometric sound judgement measures.These legislations select been brought about to protect employees once morest inequality and unfair practices which were experienced urine the previous dispensations. In accordance to the wrong of the provisions of Section 8 of the Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) mental runninging and other analogous legal opinions of an employee ar prohibited unless the screen or assessment being utilise (a) has been scientifically shown to be valid and tried and true (b) can be applied fairly to all employees and (c) is not dark-skinned against any employee or group.The psychological measuring operator we befuddle chosen in accordance with HAPS is the bucket B. The Ability treat of tuition and Learning Battery ( bucket-B) will e critically evaluated within this essay. This psychometric assessments bombing can wherefore assist recruiters who custom these measures to identify employees who live the dominanceity to grow and learn with In organizations.Furthermore It should be historied that the bucket B Is a cognitive measure and Is not only employ for recruitment and selection in organizations, merely can also be used for selection into schools, universities and other aras. Hence, this essay will report the bucket B through the following headings videlicet evaluating the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reli top executive, Bias and Limitations.Evaluating the PAIL B According to Foxtrot and rood (201 3), It Is an assessment p ractitioners duty to evaluate the In throwation offered about a measure and bump whether it Is valid and reliable for its intended draw a bead on. Foxtrot and rood-tree (2013), further verbalise that for evaluating a measure, some of the things that an assessment practitioner should consider are how enormous ago it was developed quality of manual contents clarity of instruction manual and cultural appropriateness.First conceptualized in 1994 by T. R Taylor, the PAIL B Ability, Processing of Information and Learning Battery- (Taylor, n. . ), was designed as a set of mental sieveings with the purpose of assessing ones vital cognitive capableness. In order for the assessment to be most effective It should be administered on psyches with individual(a)s with a minimum of twelve forms educational background (Taylor, n. D. ).The PAIL B is ideal for identifying those who are presumable to achieve new cognitively challenging content in a training mise en scene and establish ing levels in order to place people in the correct positions. Taylor (n. D. ), has identified three norms that the PAIL B makes use of, that is to say stained ( ordered series of 1 9) tens are used in the Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST), stained are used in the concept formation probe the memory assay and experience channelise running play while percentiles are used in the stoop of nurture screen.According to Taylor (n. D. ), the PAIL B is divided into tail fin test booklets and two subsidiary booklets which make up eight oodles videlicet Abstract thinking Speed of nurture processing accuracy of breeding processing cognitive flexibility Performance gain in a instruction task final level of proficiency remembering and understanding and Transfer of friendship, which ill take approximately three hours and forty five minutes to administer.Composition PAIL Battery Concept formation test This test was designed to assess ones ability to think abstractly and conc eptually to form abstract concepts, reason hypothetically, theories, build scenarios (and) trace causes (Taylor, p. 4, n. D. ). The test is comprised of thirty questions individually consisting of six moving-picture shows of similar nature the test taker must identify the depiction that does not share a characteristic that the rest of the depictions share (Taylor, n. D. ). Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST) Taylor (n. D. Suggests that this battery within a battery measures speed (quickness) and accuracy of information processing, and cognitive flexibility. The FAST test is made up of four individual assessments namely Series Mirror image Transformations and combined tests. All four assessments are time sensitive and eat up been designed in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that it is very rare for a test taker to actually realized the entire assessment. It uses shapes of different sizings which may contain either a paneling or melodic furrow in the center. The basic ide a of the tests is to identify a pattern and find the omitted depiction.Curve of acquirement According to Taylor (n. D. ), this test focuses on a learning potential, it aims to assess ones capacity at which they are able to master new skills. It looks at future achievement potential rather than the abilities that the soulfulness already has. The test is split into four timed sessions which requires the test taker to decode a series of paired images into another set of images and once again decode these images to a set of words. Images are decoded with the aid of the first ancillary booklet, the dictionary.Memory test Directly after the test taker has completed the curve of learning test, the memory test s administered. It follows the same concept as the curve of learning where the test takers are required to decode images to words even so the dictionary is now taken away. The performance of the test taker on this test reflects the fulfilment to which the test taker has understoo d the logical relation between the symbols and words. Knowledge convert test According to Ferguson (1956, as cited in Taylor, n. D. ), transferring knowledge and skills to similar areas or situations is a vital process of cognitive development.The knowledge transfer test, as the name suggests, measures this ability. The test insists of a series of connected depictions referred to as pieces of equipment (Taylor, p. 19, n. D. ), which have a specific feature in addition to a basic shape. The test taker is required to categorize them under symbols. Test takers are also given the second ancillary booklet. Validity established to break that the test is valid for the purpose it is to be used for. Foxtrot and Rood (2013) state that the the validness of a measure concerns what the test measures and how well it does so.In the studies consulted it has been discernible that construct and criterion validity were shown to be present in the PAIL B assessment. The construct validity of a measu re is the extent to which it measures the theoretical construct or trait that it is supposed to measure (Foxtrot & Rood 2013). The second validation measure of criterion validity was defined by Paella and Wren (2005) who stated that Criterion-Related Validity is used to predict future or current performance. The method that used to determine criterion related to validity is predictive validity.Murphy and Adversaries (2005) define predictive validity as a method of determining criterion validity. It also used to determine the coefficient of correlativity of test takers test score and there criterion related scores. Taylor (1995) investigated the validity on the SOFT, where he gave the measure to 33 first-year university students who had been genuine into the university on merits other than their grade twelve results. Taylor correlated the tag from their SOFT assessments and the marks of the course they took which were to im try on their logical thinking and reasoning skills. Ther efore the correlation was 0. 4 (p = 0. 012). Taylor (1995, as cited in Astrakhan, 1998) open in another get a line which investigated the validity on the Curve of Learning and Memory and Understanding tests was inducted victimization a render of 110 workers from a beverage manufacturing firm. The criteria for evaluating workers included facets such as their capacity to learn new procedures and concepts, to understand why things extend in the firm as a whole, and their capacity to plan and organism. These results averaged correlations of 0. 35. The low correlation can be attributed to the fact that a diverse exemplification was not used.A further work by Taylor (1995) shew criterion scores which was given to 43 employees who were enrolled in a course designed to pay back them for a promotion in Junior management positions. The correlations here were describe to be 0. 67 and 0. 79 respectively, which can be interrupted to prove to be an recreate predictor of performance. In a n additional news report conducted by Lopes, Rood and Maier (2001) on the predictive validity of the PAIL-B in a financial institution the purpose was to assess the predictive validity of the PAIL test battery, in order to identify learning potential.A sample of 235 successful stemma applicants were used to complete the test battery and found the predictive validity of the test battery was assessed using a canonical discriminate depth psychology procedure. The procedure was adopted in view of the nominal strength of the managers ratings, and delinquent to the limited sample size the 5 point rating scale was eventually collapsed too 2 point classification. Reliability It should be noted that an assessment is reliable if it measures the same construct in a arranged and precise manner over time.Foxtrot and Rood (2009) define reliableness of a measure as the consistency to which it measures whatever it measures. Split half dependability was a major psychometric property of depen dableness used among mass of the literature we consulted. In the PAIL B, (Taylor 1995) elucidates that split half reliability was used to investigate whether or not the PAIL-B is reliable. Foxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 47) define split-half reliability as obtained by splitting the measure into two equivalents (after a ace administration of the test) and computing the correlation coefficient between these two sets of scores.During Taylor investigations into the reliability of the PAIL B, he used a sample of six groups to test reliability coefficient of the flexibility, accuracy and speed test and the knowledge transfer test. These have reliability coefficients room a low of 0. 70 too elevated of 0. 86 and 0. 71 0. 84 respectively Taylor (1995). In a study done by the defense quarter which lasted over a finis of three years with new recruits. The purpose was to determine whether the psychometric rating processes can reliably predict the learning potential of first year recruits a t the academy.The FAST considered the following firstly, the PAIL B investigated whether the FAST has a positive effect on how quickly recruits learn new abilities. It was found that a significant kindred with a reliability coefficient of (r=O,491) exists between discernability of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This thus is below the accepted reliability coefficient of Secondly, it was found that a strong relationship with a reliability coefficient of is apparent between speed of information processing and the total tot of work completed by the recruits.Lastly, it was determined that the small relationship with a reliability coefficient of exists between accuracy of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of However, the results concluded that three components of the FAST, are accurate in predicting how quickly new recruits in the defense force will develop new competenc ies. The findings also further indicated that the accuracy with which information is processed has a minimal influence on the rate a recruit will develop new competencies (Preterits 2010).In terms of the knowledge transfer test which investigated if there was a transfer of knowledge to candied abilities. core it investigated if there was a transfer of what the recruits learnt and how they apply it in combat situations. Preterits (2010) defines candied abilities as are peccadillo insight or understanding and knowledge that emerge via transfer from existing knowledge and that is subsequently, successfully stored in memory. The Memory and Understanding sub-test of the PAIL-B was used to measure crystallized ability of recruits.It was found that a positive relationship exists between the transferring of knowledge in what the recruit learnt and crystallized abilities. The reliability coefficient was reported as a positive directional relationship between transfer of knowledge and crys tallized abilities. A substantial relationship with a liability coefficient of 5) exists between memory and understanding and crystallized abilities. This therefore suggests that a entertain correlation exists.In terms of the curve of learning, it was found that forward learning has a positive directional effect on learning performance indeed the results indicate a substantial relationship and moderate correlation with a reliability coefficient of In concluding with this study, it can be said that the defense forces use of the PAIL B (Preterits 2010). A De Geode and thereon (2010) study concurred with Preterits (2010) where a non- arability sample of 434 new recruits from the South African law of nature Service Training College in Philipp, Cape Town was used.Even though the size of the selected sample is quite acceptable, making use of a non-probability sampling of the can existence, caution should be taken when making generalizations. De Geode and Thereon (2010), found that a score of reliability score of (r= 0. 45). This suggests that a question mark hangs over the success with which at least some of the concealed variables comprising the results of the learning potential police recruits. Standard Error of Measurement Foxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 49), excuse that the standard error of measurement indicates the band of error around severally obtained score, and examiners should aware of the standard error of measurement for each subtest before translation the test takers score. Therefore, assessors must be cognizant of the test takers autobiography and current circumstances. Factors such as market-gardening, transient conditions, precedent learning and test wishes can have an impact on the variance between the true score (obtained under perfect conditions) and the obtained score.Preterits (2010) outlines hat prior learning of an individual and their familiarity with taking assessment has a significant impact on their ability to perform in test cond itions. While Dodos (2000) was of the view that a testes culture as well as environmental factors will also affect the scores of the historically disadvantaged people of South Africa. Bias prior(prenominal) (2011) explains that yield implies that test scores obtained for various subgroups of a given population cannot be interpreted in the same way across the groups.Taylor (1995) suggests PAIL-B was designed as a learning potential test and therefore emits any deviateed based on cultural differences. This is a result of the test being a non-verbal test, except for the instructions, and the test comprises of mainly geometric depictions thus language does not become an issue of concern. Astrakhan (2008) concurs with Taylor (1995) in a study conducted with a sample of 400 individuals, 66 testes had African surnames while the full-grown majority can be classified as white.The data epitome for both race groups were highly correlated indicating that there is no potential for prejudic e. However, it should be kept in mind that his was not a exemplification sample. Further studies were consulted to investigate the potential bias in the PAIL B. A sample of 20 psychological professionals from various fields, were asked to investigate the cultural bias of the PAIL-B found that 6 out of the 20 felt that the test was bias (Dodos 2000). Thus, it can be stated that there is a potential for bias based on ones culture.Similarly, Preterits (2010) concurs with Dodos as he found that the PAIL B was accused of being biased and under representing the cognitive capacity of individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, in order to bring recruitment practices in line with legislation in the Employment Equity act, these tests was subsequently replaced with a selection battery thought to be less susceptible to culture, race and gender bias. This resulted in the measure being removed from use in the context of the defense force.Limitations of the PAIL B diverse eno ugh for the representative arse population. This is further verified by Astrakhan (2008), who also did not make use of a diverse sample. Therefore based on the literature from these authors, it is evident that accurate conclusions cannot be ran indicating that there are limitations in the above studies. decision In the end the results show that, the PAIL-B is able to predict the performance of individuals not only in certain institutions but for any selection at an accurate level and therefore makes the battery a vital instrument to use.It is evident that the PAIL- B is a somewhat outdated measure but still proves to be valid and reliable in measuring cognitive abilities today. However, caution could be taken when administering the PAIL-B, as some authors have found that bias is present in historically disadvantaged groups. This essay therefore reported on the PAIL B through evaluation of the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations. Recommend ations Firstly, it should be noted that the PAIL B is an outdated selection battery.In order for organizations to make fair decisions in line with the Employment Equity Act, a more relevant battery inescapably to be considered. Secondly, it should also not be used in its individual capacity within the recruitment and selection process and is it advisable to be used in harmony with other valid information such as candidates curriculum its and other test results. Thirdly, the use of the PAIL can be considered bias in instances where people from different cultures and race groups are affected.In addition, Astrakhan (2008), De Geode and Thereon (2010), should make use of a more representative sample in order to draw conclusions about the reliability of their studies. Lastly, we also externalise that measures within the battery not require such strict prior learning criteria as these have been shown to bias the historically disadvantaged individuals who have not had exposure to prior l earning. Reference List psychometric test administrators toward the PAIL B as a culture fair assessment with special reference to the employment equity act.