Post 1900 War Poetry :: Wilfred Owen Alfred Tennyson War Poems Essays

Post 1900 War PoetryBy looking at several war numberss indite before and after 1900, I can depend that many elements of the types of poetry change greatly inseveral ways. I will be looking at a selection of war poems written bythree different poets, in chronological order, so as to see if theattitudes to war and writing styles change over time or during respective(a)stages of the war.Firstly I will be looking at a poem written by Alfred Tennyson aboutthe down against the Russian gunners in 1854. The poem is calledThe Charge of the Light Brigade as it is exactly what happened. Theinformation that Tennyson used to write the poem came from a newspaperarticle from the Times. Tennyson has used the information rattling well togive an accurate and informative, yet poetic description of the taper.Although Tennyson is writing from secondary information, he has stillincorporated poetic and rhythmic effects to withdraw the poem follow arhythm corresponding to that of a galloping horse. H alf a league, Half aleague, Half a league onward, the distance of the charge is stated atthe beginning of the poem as it starts straight into the charge.Although in the article written in the newspaper it states At adistance of 1,200 yards, Tennyson has edited it within similardistance whilst making the information poetic to read. By starting thecharge at the beginning of the poem, Tennyson has instantly caught thereaders attention whilst still providing the relevant information forthe poem to tell the story of what happened.Tennyson glorifies the soldiers greatly by using strong dramaticlanguage and graphic images that can be vividly formed in the readersminds. all in the valley of Death, rode the six hundred. Thedramatic language here makes it seem like just the unusually smallamount of horsemen used in such a charge would be charging at hellitself. Tennyson continues to glorify the bravery of the soldiersthroughout the whole poem, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jawsof dea th, yet the emphasis that he uses on death makes the chargeseem futile and that the men are charging towards their own deaths.Verses 3 and 5 seem very similar when reading the poem, however incontrast the charge is towards the gunners in Verse 3 whereas it isthe retreat in Verse 5. Yet Tennyson always keeps the repetition of600 throughout the poem, even when they are retreating and many ofthem have already been killed he continues to refer to them as onegroup of six hundred that make up the Light Brigade.

The Rainforests of Our Oceans Essay -- Marine Biology

The first thing that comes to mind when we think of coral lowers is either an escort of Nemo swimming through those finger-like plants in the ocean or a jumble of those plants we see on postcards and on television, thinking that one of them (but which one?) must be a coral reef. On the contrary, however, coral reefs are far from being plants but are in fact, an ecosystem filled with corals, both hard and soft, and endless reef species. The coral itself is made of many coral polyps, delicate limestone-secreting animals, which serve as a skeleton for the coral. The impact of these reefs on both marine life and mankind is immense, but as of today, we have lost almost twenty to twenty-five percent of the worlds coral reefs and about another sixty percent are being threatened by human activities. Consequently, coral reefs should be protected because they benefit us greatly, both economically and biologically, and if we leave them unprotected, we face many consequences that will be de trimental to both our economy and the biodiversity of the ocean. Though coral reefs dont seem like much, its impossible to deny the splendor of the roles they serve as indicators of the salinity of piss and its nutrient levels in our coastal watersheds and oceans. Because corals can only survive in clear and unpolluted tropical or sub-tropical waters that have a relatively normal salinity and that are low in nutrient levels (Thurman), they help local resource managers to understand how activities on land impacts the reefs and to identify changes in water quality, which is a major benefit to us because the reefs are able to detect even the slightest change in water that some of the best manmade technologies can miss (U.S. EPA). They also act as mo... ...ier-reef.html.Talbot F., and Wilkinson, C., 2001, Coral Reefs, Mangroves and Seagrasses A Sourcebook for Managers. 29 murder 2012. Print.Thurman, H.V. Essentials of Oceanography Coral Reefs. 4th Edition. in the buff York Macmilla n Publishing, 1993. 336-341. Print.U.S. EPA, . Water Habitat Protection. Coral Reef Protection What Are Coral Reefs?. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 06 Mar 2012. Web. 25 Mar 2012. .U.S. EPA, . Water Oceans, Coasts, Estuaries & Beaches. coastal Watershed Factsheets - Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 06 Mar 2012. Web. 25 Mar 2012..Zubi, Teresa. ECOLOGY Reefs at Risk. . N.p., 21 May 2009. Web. 26 Mar 2012. .

The Legacy of Russia and the Soviet Union - Authoritarian and Repressiv

The Legacy of Russia and the Soviet Union - Authoritarian and Repressive Traditions that Refuse to DieThere circulated such a Soviet political anecdote The ghost of Nicolas II visited Brezhnev to inquire about the conditions of his Mother Russia, only to be told that nothing had changed since his reign except for that the vodka was now 20 percentage instead of 15. Shocked, the dead czar exclaimed I lost my head only for that 5 percent difference? This was, of course, only a humorous exaggeration, a cheek of political satire. Yet beneath the humor, there lies a very profound testament to the belief that Russias political culture has been inherited from its czarist days and manifested end-to-end its subsequent development. The traditions from the pre-Revolution and pre-1921 Russia, it seems, had left its brand on the 70-years of Communist rule. The Soviet communism system was at once a foreign import from Germany and a Russian creation on the one hand it is international and a world phenomenon on the other hand it is national and Russianit was Russian history which fixed its limits and shaped its character. (Berdyaev, Origin) Historically, Russia has always been a country of perplexing dualities. The reality of Dual Russia, the separation of the official culture from that of the common people, persisted after the Revolution of 1917 and the courteous War. The Czarist Russia was at once modernized and backward St. Petersburg and Moscow stood as the highly developed industrial centers of the country and two of the capitals of Europe, yet the overwhelming legal age of the population were subsistent farms who lived on mir French was the official language and the elites were highly literate, yet 82% of the populati... ...oved to be singularly influential and daunting. This is, perhaps, the greatest obstacles to achieving true democracy in Russiathe authoritarian and repressive traditions that refuse to die out with the passage of time. Works CitedBerdyaev, Nicol as. The Origin of Russian Communism. London Saunders, 1937. Cohen, Stephen. Rethinking the Soviet Experience. New York Oxford University Press, 1986. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution. New York Oxford University Press, 1994. Hosking, Jeoffery. The low gear Socialist Society. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1993. Tucker, Robert C. The Mortal Danger. Course Reader for World Culture Russia Since 1917. New York University, Spring 2001. Tucker, Robert C. Stalinism as Revolution from Above. Stalinism. Edited by Robert C. Tucker. New York American Council of Learned Societies, 1999.

Free Epic of Gilgamesh Essays: Defining Humanity in Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Defining Humanity in The Epic of Gilgamesh Fifteen Works Cited     Stories do not need to claim us of anything. They do inform us of things. From The Epic of Gilgamesh, for example, we fill in something of the people who lived in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the second and third millenniums BCE. We know they celebrated a king named Gilgamesh we know they believed in many gods we know they were self-conscious of their own cultivation of the natural world and we know they were literate. These things we can fix -- or establish definitely. But stories overly remind us of things we cannot fix -- of what it means to be human. They reflect our will to understand what we cannot understand, and reconcile us to mortality.             We read The Epic of Gilgamesh, four thousand old age after it was written, in part because we are scholars, or pseudo-scholars, and wish to get a line something about human hi story. We read it as well because we want to know the significance of life. The meaning of life, however, is not something we can wrap up and walk away with. Discussing the philosophy of the Tao, Alan Watts explains what he believes Lao-tzu means by the line, The five colours will dodge a mans sight. The eyes sensitivity to color, Watts writes, is impaired by the fixed idea that there are just five true colors. in that location is an infinite continuity of shading, and disruption it down into divisions with names distracts the attention from its subtlety (27). Similarly, the minds sensitivity to the meaning of life is impaired by fixed notions or perspectives on what it means to be human. There is an infinite continuity of meaning that can be comprehended only by seeing again, for ourselves. We read stories -- and reading is a kind of re-telling -- not to learn what is known but to know what cannot be known, for it is ongoing and we are in the middle of it.     & nbsp       To see for ourselves the meaning of a story, we need, first of all, to look carefully at what happens in the story that is, we need to look at it as if the actions and people it describes actually took place or existed. We can articulate the questions raised by a characters actions and discuss the implications of their consequences.

Elements Of Fiction :: essays research papers

Elements of FictionWhen you read a novel, you are reading a work of fiction. FICTION is writing that comes from an originator&8217s imagination. Although the author makes the spirit level up, he or she might base it on real events.Fiction writers write either short stories or novels. A SHORT STORY usually revolves around a single idea and is short enough to be read in one sitting. A fabrication is much longer and more complex. Understanding FictionCHARACTERS are the people, animals, or imaginary creatures that take part in the actions of the story. Usually, a short story centers on events in the life of one person or animal. He or she is the main CHARACTER. Generally, there are also one or more underage CHARACTERS in the story. Minor characters sometimes provide part of the background of the story. More often, however, minor characters interact with the main character and with another. Their words and actions help to move the dapple along.The SETTING is the time and place at wh ich the events of the happen. The time may be the past, the present, or the future day or night and any season. A story may be set in a small down or a large city, in a jungle or an ocean.The epoch of events in a story is called the PLOT. The plot is the writer&8217s blueprint for what happens in the story, when it happens, and to whom it happens. One event causes another, and so on until the end of the story.Generally, plots are build around a CONFLICT-a problem or struggle between two or more opposing forces. Conflicts can be as serious as a boy&8217s attempt to cope with his father&8217s illness or as humorous as a t from each oneer&8217s struggle with a foreign language.The struggle between two opposing forces is called a CONFLICT. Every story has it. The conflict makes you keep reading the story to get the outcome of the struggle. When one character fights another character or battles nature, the conflict is referred to as EXTERNAL CONFLICT. When the struggle takes place wit hin the character, it is an INTERNAL CONFLICT.Although the development of each plot is different, traditional fiction generally follows a pattern that includes the following stagesEXPOSITION - Exposition sets the stage for the story. Characters are introduced, the setting is described, and the conflict begins to unfold.COMPLICATIONS - As the story continues, the plot gets more complex.

Elements Of Fiction :: essays research papers

Elements of FictionWhen you read a story, you are reading a work of fiction. FICTION is writing that comes from an author&8217s imagination. Although the author makes the story up, he or she might base it on real events.Fiction writers write either short stories or novels. A gip STORY usually revolves some a single idea and is short enough to be read in one sitting. A NOVEL is ofttimes longer and more complex. Understanding FictionCHARACTERS are the people, animals, or imaginary creatures that take part in the actions of the story. Usually, a short story centers on events in the life of one person or animal. He or she is the main CHARACTER. Generally, there are also one or more MINOR CHARACTERS in the story. Minor characters sometimes provide part of the background of the story. More often, however, minor characters interact with the main character and with another. Their words and actions help to move the plat along.The backcloth is the time and place at which the events of the happen. The time may be the past, the present, or the future day or night and any season. A story may be set in a small down or a large city, in a jungle or an ocean.The sequence of events in a story is called the PLOT. The plot of ground is the writer&8217s blueprint for what happens in the story, when it happens, and to whom it happens. One event causes another, and so on until the end of the story.Generally, plots are built around a CONFLICT-a problem or contest between two or more opposing forces. Conflicts can be as serious as a boy&8217s attempt to cope with his father&8217s illness or as humorous as a teacher&8217s struggle with a foreign language.The struggle between two opposing forces is called a CONFLICT. Every story has it. The conflict makes you keep reading the story to learn the case of the struggle. When one character fights another character or battles nature, the conflict is referred to as EXTERNAL CONFLICT. When the struggle takes place within the character, it is an INTERNAL CONFLICT.Although the development of each plot is different, traditional fiction generally follows a pattern that includes the following stagesEXPOSITION - Exposition sets the stage for the story. Characters are introduced, the setting is described, and the conflict begins to unfold.COMPLICATIONS - As the story continues, the plot gets more complex.

Free African Americans Essay

The Antebellum halt had a huge impact on the dislodge African American people. The Antebellum period is the time that is pre-Civil War and post-War of 1812. The United States was expanding to a more powerful nation and slavery was the biggest industry in their economy. During this period of time, African Americans had to wangle with many obstacles/adversities as surplus blacks in all neighborhoods of the United States. The regions known as, in the northern, stop number south, deep south, and far west regions of the United States was where the free African American encountered polar and similar situations and experiences.Throughout history the north always was known as the first region that freed slaves. The northern states didnt us the same economic methods as the southern states and the far west. They adopted a advanced way of making money. According to The African American Odyssey, Between 1860, a market revolution change the north into a modern industrial society. This ne w method changed economy for the north until present day. This was a new age of industry and the production of factories. thraldom was not needed as much as the southern states where they had good sun to cultivate and profit from crops such as cotton.Even though this new method lightened the humor of slavery in the north, the freedom for blacks was hush up limited. unobjectionables did not want to deal with blacks so they enforced new black laws in which resulted in the segregation of school, communities and any other public uses. Free black men had limited voting rights where they barely had any rights to vote. Most of all these black laws wedged the employment level to a low gradient for the free blacks in the north. This battle for employment had many negative impacts on free Blacks ways of livelihood.Families were tarnished under the pressure of providing for their families with the scarcity of jobs. They enforced fugitive slave law where the fair slave masters can hunt an d recapture fugitive slaves from the south. This made life difficult and filled the free blacks with fear because they were more given up to be wrongfully enslaved. Like the south the sinlessnesss did not want to deal with blacks whatsoever. Irish immigrants were taking all the jobs away from the blacks many blacks had unskilled jobs such as being barbers and shoemakers.The free African American upper south region did have similar experiences as the north but much more were different. Though they shared similar churches family businesses and fraternities the upper south was still separated by the idea of slavery and the different economic methods. The impact of slavery created different communities. The free blacks in the north lived with other free Blacks while in the upper south the free Blacks lived with slaves. The fugitive slave laws had a bigger impact on the upper south than the north. The free black was definitely more prone to be enslaves.Many sheriffs would harass and a rrest free blacks randomly on profiling them as runaway slaves. They did have a tool known as free papers that was proof for their freedom. But these papers were useless most of the time because they constantly had to be renewed. These free papers impacted the everyday life of African Americans because they had to make sure that their papers werent stolen, lost, or tarnished. The free Blacks had fewer freedoms. They could not vote at all and they had problems going outside at night. They could not congregate in groups and had no rights to bear arms.Life as a free Black person was tougher than the north because of the low employment rate downgraded again due to the Irish immigrants taking their jobs. Their jobs were different during the antebellum period. Many people were maids and servants and washers. Upper south institutions where tarnished and almost did not exist. Black churches were overran by white ministries and left the black ministers with no opportunities to practice on th eir careers. Schools were almost absent. They were low funded whereas many blacks in the upper south were left uneducated.There were no schools and no jobs which gave success to the whites on preventing the advancement of the free blacks. strange the north and the upper south, the turbid South barely had any free blacks despite the fact that the macrocosm of African Americans in the Deep South was enormous. There were many incidents of racial mixing with slave owners and the female slaves. Diversity was there but slavery still kept their children enslaved. They usually had a choice to buy their way out of slavery. Many of the free slaves did not have their own separate identity from the white slave owners.Many of the free blacks were just like the whites. They were accepted in the churches. Many wealthy free blacks were educated due to the establishment of private schools. Unlike the north and the Upper South, they had better skilled jobs such as carpentry and tailors. Many white s began to overlook the success of the free African American In the Deep South and made it even more impossible to live. Unlike the North, Upper South, and the Deep South, the Far West absolutely did not want anything to do with free Blacks. The black laws in the Far West were made to ban all free Blacks from settling in their region.The Gold Rush of 1849 resulted in the migration of many White and free Black men to settle out west in states like California and Oregon. The Far west was known to be more multicultural and have multicultural communities. Many blacks had the same jobs of that the free Blacks from the regions had except for the gold mining. Many Blacks prospered from gold. Slavery was a huge propaganda in the upper south and the total south in general. It was a reality that all African American whether free or enslaved could not avoid.The northern states were gradually enhancing their advancement in the idea of acceptance and coexistence with the Whites in the US. The n orth had at least a bit of a head start for the search of equality in the U. S. The conditions of living exponent have been similar and different in many ways but this time all came to an end once the fugitive slave laws were enhanced. Many free African Blacks were enslaved and wrongfully accused to be slaves. The new laws were undisputed and changed the Blacks idea of freedom and fight for equality Work Cited Hine D, The African American Odyssey (2011). Combined Volume, fifth Edition. New Jersey Prentice Hall.

Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay

The guide is entitled Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Specific altogethery, it sought to find out how these ii solutions (lemongrass and garlic) elicit effectively kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an thorough and safe measure in treating the teemingness of mosquito. Ideally, the researchers study promotes a tandem bicycle between science and creations conservation. The materials composing the solution were 40 mL of the combined solution of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The set up was unruffled of data-based and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed using a specific commercial pesticide. On the early(a) hand, the control group was being sprayed using the organic mosquito killer. Data were collected to gather relevant information. In the light of the findings of the study, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemong rass (Cymbopogon citratus) suck out can kill mosquitoes in a short span of time compared with the commercial one. It took alone _________before the mosquitoes died.IICHAPTER IMosquitoes are vector agents that carry disorder causing viruses and parasites that lead to life-threatening diseases from one person to person without catching the disease themselves. It prefers plurality over others. The preferential victims sweat plain smells better than others because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide and other compounds that prove up the body odor. A large part of the mosquitos sense of smell is devoted to sniffing out human beings targets. Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 meg people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. At least 2 million people annually die of these diseases.Today, not just our whole country, Philippines, but the likewisethe entire world is facing huge problems in relation to the abundance of mosquitoes in the community. In fact, more alternatives and methods such as different kinds of drugs, vaccines, insecticides, nets and repellants are now discovered and created in order to eradicate mosquitoes, prevent diseases, and protect individuals. We opted to make this study to pursue an alternative organic agent of mosquito eradication. The result of this study is to propose an alternative but organic and safe solution in treating the abundance of mosquito in our locality. Moreover, this aimed to significantly help the residents who are slap-uply affected by these mosquitoes in a way that this study will provide them a unsanded avenue in treating the great number of mosquitoes.1This study entitled Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Mosquito Killer is aimed to know the insecticidal effect of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus on mosquitoes in terms of a. How effective is the Garlic (Alium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)? b. What is the compared time duration of the commercial product and experimental product?The study hypothesized that the combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) is more apt(predicate) effective than commercial product on mosquitoes in terms of the number of mosquitoes that will die.The conduct of this study is significant in change magnitude the number of mosquitoes all over the country. This would extend an alternative solution for everybody spend less come in of money in treating the abundance of mosquitoes here in our locality and therefore cooperation and imagination will primarily be observed by the people. Specifically, this will bring benefits to the following Government. This would provide the government a new avenue in lessening the number of mosquitoes.The materials that will be used are recycled and organic in which their availability is easily use and therefore they will spend less amount of money intreatment for the abundance of mosquitoes in the society. Residents. This study raises the awareness level of residents in our country. They would be able to foresee the importance of being capable of the things in our surroundings .2This study focused on the insecticidal effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) andLemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on mosquitoes. The materials used were just gathered around the researchers household. The investigation utilized 6 mosquitoes that were placed in a transparent container.Mosquito. From the Spanish or Portuguese meaning little fly is a common insect in the family Culicidate (from the Latin culex meaning midge or gnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tupilidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. Organic. Any particle of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Geraniol. A monoterpenoid and an alco0hol. It is the primary part of ro se oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Solution. A homogenous mixture composed of twain substances. Erradicate. Get rid of something completely. Insecticide. A chemical substance used to kill insects.35CHAPTER IIAllium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). It has been claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help pep pill recovery from throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur-contaning compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes,vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products which are non-sulfur containing compounds. Furthermore a phytoalexin called allixin was found, inhibiting skin tumor formation. Herein, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agen ts for other diseases.The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.Fresh C. citratus grass contains approximately 0.4% volatile oil. The oil contains 65% to 85% citral, a mixture of 2 geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol, geranic acid, and nerolic acid have also been identified. More than a dozen of other minor fragrant components were also found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant-based mosquito repellant. Another popular theory is that ingesting garlic can provide protection against mosquitoes. A University of Connecticut study examined this claim with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study.The data didnt provide evidence of significant mosquito repellence. However, subject only consumed garlic once, and the researchers say that more prolonged ingestion may be needed. There are also other natural mosquito repellants that are being researched like the Fennel, Thyme, Clove oil, Celery condense, Neem oil, Vitamin B1. Biopesticide insect repellants (sometimes called natural, botanical or plant-based) has been proven to be as effective as those containing synthetic chemical 4compounds like DEET. Remember, however, that natural doesnt always mean safe, so you should use plant-based insect repellants as carefully as any other. With the literature presented above, it can be seen that the study has some bearing capabilities and properties to other work in the sense that it tackles the capacity of some organic materials such garlic juice and lemongrass oil as effective mosquito repellant.C ChapterIIIMaterials Blender Spray bottle Used Cloth Plastic containers Knife Garlic Lemongrass Grater Measuring cupGeneral surgeryPreparation of the SolutionMaterials were first gathered before the conduct of the experiment Cymbopogon citratus and Allium sativu m were extracted using a used cloth. The extract of each ingredient was stored for two days. Then, both ingredients were measured to the desired amount. The set up was composed of 20 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 20 ML Allium sativum extract.Application of the Solution aft(prenominal) preparing the experimental set up, the solution was being sprayed on the container with mosquitoes. Each set up was composed of two trials. The time it took before the mosquitoes died was observed and recordedFigure1. meld of the MethodologyChapter IVThis chapter presents the data and observationsobtained from the experimentation. Furthermore, it shows the discussions that support the underlying problems under investigation.Table1. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Moquito killerThe table above shows the comparison of Experimental Setup and go Setup having the same and equal mass upon applying the solution to the mosquitoes.Table 2. The time it took before the mosqu itoes died.TrialTimeExperimental SetupControl Setup reasonableThe data above show that the solution composed of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativum extract has the capacity to kill mosquitoes with the minimum time of only 2.36 minutes.Chapter VThis chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study under investigation.SUMMARYThe study focused on making an alternative agent of eradicating great number of mosquitoes. Specifically, it sought to find out the insecticidal effect ofCymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum on mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, our study would promote a tandem between science and creations conservation. The solutions composition provided a simple how-to ways help people eradicate great number of mosquitoes in the locality. The materials composing the solution were 40mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativumextract.The set up was composed of two trials. The solution was being sprayed on the containers with mosquitoes. Data were collected to gather relevant information. From the experimentation, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium Sativum extract is effective mosquito killer. It only took 2.45 minutes before the mosquito died.CONCLUSIONSArriving at our results and outputs, we came up that Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) are effective mosquito killer. It only takes at least 2.45 minutes before the effects will be observed.RECOMMENDATIONSFrom the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the students who would pursue the Garlic (Allium sativum) and Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) as Mosquito Killer to find other insects in which the solution is applicable and conduct further study on the utilization of the solution.

After high school

Essay After high school, when I first started college I wasnt rightfully sure what I wanted to do with my life at the time, but I had planned to be a business man of some illuminate and get my degree in business, then I realized that in todays economy most new businesses are not that successful, plus you need bills to actually start up a business on your own. So I did some thinking and have decided to get my degree in science and become a pharmacist.The reason I choose this field is because they get paid quite a it annually, they are in demand as well as doctors and physicians assistants, so you wouldnt have to worry about losing your Job due to having too many of them. If I go through with becoming a Pharmacist, I would want to work at a big building of some sort, for example, a hospital, or somewhere besides a drugstore desire Walgreens or CVS. The only thing as of now that I wouldnt the like about being a pharmacist is the fact they have to stand on their feet most of the day , which I wouldnt mind if I could actually walk around to different areas of my workplace.Also the fact that what they do is going to be the same every day. If I decided not to become a pharmacist, I would probably think about being a physicians assistant. My reason for that is because they also get paid well, you could carry and experience a variety of different things in that type of work, and their duties can change on certain days since they are assisting the actual physician. I dont like the fact that a physicians assistant will never be independent, and that they might actually have to operate on people.

Mainstream Media hegemony and new media environment Essay

(Ex- Deputy Controller, Head of current Affair National transmit Service Radio Pakistan, Bureau chief mediacon international, member CMA,, Community Media Association, UK), published author ezine and upublish.com) Pakistans importantstream media outlets have perhaps misunderstand the meaning of free lam of information under the freedom of root on law. Perhaps they are not aware of the consequences which are being faced by top notch mainstream media crosswise the so-called civilized word. In Pakistan many media groups reputationing without realizing its impact on our socio-economic environment and deep rooted cultural impact. We have seen in past that misreporting by print and electronic mainstream media regarding shia-sunni conflicts created anger and anxiety amongst different sects led to horrible sectarian violence. Beside, reporting regarding terrorist attacks and rape case are arrogantly presented.Lack of bank networks for reporting or contribution the most sensitive issue in fair manners and due to less reliance on what traditional media give in daily business of dissemination of audio video contents, the literate society has started believing on what new media presents in various forms. Equipped with the supply of abundant sources of news and information ((via broadband, G3, G4 and web3) about any country or region the new media is rapidly making its footing worldwide. Mainstream media are the most historic source, but not the only one. With the development of communication technologies, people now have access to a huge amount of information that was unthinkable 20 years ago. People can watch live proceeding of parliament, or read a transcript of it within hours.One can see press releases from newsmakers published on hundreds of websites, providing submission and distribution services on internet. New-style electronic formats, such as mesh discussion groups and chat rooms, create new frequent s whole steps and provide unprecedented opportunitie s for cultural and political discourse. Ecology of news and the style of passing on information have been changed dramatically. Geographical separation is not a big problem due to network linkage. Using FTP format you can transfer files anywhere in the word it was not possible for main stream media 2 decades ago. Second important characteristics its digital platform which hasenormous space to store audio, video, and Text. In new media environment distance makes little deflection in the time, cost or speed of getting information. Society has changed into families. People can get lot more quality and creditable information utilize news aggregators.In fact less gated tender media have changed the ecology of News, thinking, behaviour and socio-economic environment Social media technologies take on many different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, micro blogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookma rking. The wall of fortress journalism is demolishing but Pakistan print and electronic mainstream media is not assemble to adopt the new changes being taken place incessantlyy passing day in communication technologies. People of Pakistan are swiftly moving toward social media aggregators than ever. This new tool provides reader/ viewers to obtain all required news and analysis on one simple point. The reason for this shift is that mainstream media is violating by keeping the important news with them and deliberately hiding facts from public eyes. Sensationalism in news and to be first in breaking news is considered as pride without knowing its impact on national security and integrity.Pakistani media regulators and broadcasters perhaps not aware what the west is doing through media. They must watch reports of consider TV.COM AND RT.COM. The West is swiftly and successfully achieving its targets one by one by to destabilize the situation in Syria, newly in Gaza. Author and inves tigatory journalist Webster Tarpley has pointed in an interview at Russian Television (RT.COM) first English language TV that US Intelligence has announced the partition of Pakistan. Another report revealed in foreign media that US Special Forces have conducted secret raids inside Pakistans border regions. The operations were conducted between 2003 and 2008, but only one was ever made public. The mainstream media of Pakistan kept quite on these issues.In many cases Taliban refused to take responsibility for some explosions in public places in Pakistan than who is behind these brutal acts. Our investigative reporters are not well equipped to search the truth and report. Our media is highlighting issue base politic and projecting their allocated parties. Critical issues of society which should be the prepare priority at present stage are not being suitably covered by any media outlet. Strong reaction in recent past has been seen in UK and USA wherepeople registered their protest and strongly criticize the biased, planned and narrow coverage of world affairs by the established media giants akin Fox News, the BBC and NBS.Media regulators are seems to be helpless and may be part of this wrongdoing. Situation in Pakistan is changing rapidly and people have lost self-confidence on the directed coverage of Pakistans media. Pakistan electronic media are being run by the print media journalists with no experience of working in electronic media and producing substandard and distorted facts. Broadcasters are making billions in profits while using the public airwaves. In return, they are not producing programmes that fulfill community needs. Because of preceding(prenominal) cited problems and the attitude of media groups of Pakistan people have started march against mainstream media using social media as a viable, quick and authentic source. This shift seems to be picking up the pace in near future. ***

Globalization and Perception on War

Globalization and International Organizations Assignment Submitted By A. S. M. Iqbal Bahar Rana. ID 103-0007-085 MPPG Programme, North South University look 14. 11. 2011 Do you think the advent of info whirling has changed the way conjure of war is perceived by the West? If so, what atomic number 18 the implications of such changes for poorly-g everyplacened countries of the world? Introduction The German philosopher Hegel held that diversitys argon the locomotive of history.According to his theory, every social, semi governmental, and sparing system builds up tensions and contradictions over time. Eventually these explode in revolution. One stick outnot create a revolution in the way that an architect designs a building. Nor is it possible to control revolutions like a conductor leads an orchestra. Revolutions be such(prenominal) too big and complex for that. Those who cognize in revolutionary times can only make a thousand small decisions and hope that they move his tory forward in the desired direction.Around the world today we see the growing sophistication and rapid outside(a) diffusion of powerful clean learning technologies, the mergers of huge communication empires, strategical alliances across borders, and the doubling of power and the halving of the price of computing every 18 months (Moores Law). The entropy Revolution, ethno-political conflicts, sphericization each of these three mega-trends is individually classical for all nations hereafter together, they are redefining the global context within which governments and citizens must make daily decisions in the years to come.Thus, their intersection should constitute a central concern of scholars, form _or_ system of government makers, and citizens. In an era of globalization, national security has a unlike meaning. Nation- subjects no long-run throw away a monopoly on the means of coercion. Even if nuclear weapons had a deterrent value during the Cold struggle, today t hey obligate n integrity as the ca holds of insecurity, more(prenominal) often than not, are economic collapse and internecine conflict, and not immaterial aggression. The information age has revolutionized the instrument of soft power and the opportunities to apply them.The force of a nation to project the appeal of its ideas, ideology, culture, economic model, and social and political institutions and to photograph expediency of its international business and telecommunications lucres leave alone leverage soft power. In simple terms, the information revolution is increasing inter-connectedness and escalating the pace of change in most every dimension of life. This, in turn, shapes the evolution of armed conflict. Whether in economics, politics, or war-fighting, those who are able to grasp the magnitude of this allow for be the best hustling to deal with it.The use of learning and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in warfare scenarios has been of central interest to gov ernments, intelligence agencies, computer scientists and security experts for the past two decades (Arquilla and Ronfeldt 1997 Campen and Dearth 1998 vocalist 2009). . ICTs gave rise to the latest revolution in soldiery aff creases (RMA) by providing new tools and processes of waging war like meshwork-centric warfare (NCW), and integrated command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR).This RMA concerns in the inaugurate of military forces, as they affirm to deal with the 5th dimension of warfare, information, in addition to sphere, sea, air and space. Classical Perception of war Clausewitz is under stemmaamental challenge. It is all the way alive and well in the military colleges of horse opera presents plainly outside these corridors other philosophies are in the ascendancy. A debate relates to rage over the extent to which Clausewitzean thinking is still relevant to todays wars. From todays vantage point, several developments afford eroded the appeal and power of the political ism of war.First, the concept of the battlefield, so central to the way in which Clausewitz understood warfare, has dissolved. The 9/11 ardours, for instance, demonstrated that todays battlegrounds talent be Western (or other) cities while the US-led War on Terror now rebranded as the long war conceives of the battlefield as literally spanning the entire globe. In the in store(predicate), however, battles are tall(a) to be confined to planet Earth as the US in particular give be forced to militarize space in an trial to protect the satellites upon which its communication and information systems depend (Hirst 2002).Second, as the speeches of twain Osama bin Laden and US President George W. Bush make clear, the leadership cadres on both sides of the War on Terror have often rejected political narratives of warfare. Instead, they have adopted eschato reasonable philosophies in their respective rallying cries fo r a global jihad and a just war against evildoers where ideology played a significant role in waging war. A third problem for advocates of the political philosophy and bingle which Clausewitz obviously never encountered is war involving information technology.Information technology brings the Finally, when confronted by revolutionary wars which cry out for counterrevolutionary responses, Clausewitzs injunction to deflower the military forces of the opponent is problematic not just because such military forces are often indistinguishable from the local populace but to a fault because one can never be sure they have been eliminated unless one is ready to destroy a expectant portion of the population (Rapoport 1968 53 see excessively Chapter 26, this volume).As we have seen, it is fair to say, however, that the political philosophy has been the most prominent in the traditionally Anglo-American-dominated field of security studies (on the ethnocentric tendencies of security studies see stall 1979, Barkawi and Laffey 2006). All that can be said in general terms is that whatever approach to understanding warfare one chooses to adopt leave have consequences, leading the analysis in certain directions and forsaking others.Within International Relations and security studies warfare has commonly been defined in ways that higher(prenominal)light its cultural, legal and political dimensions. Information Revolution and information Warfare ICTs are used in several combat activities, from cyber attacks to the deployment of golemic weapons and the management of communications among the fighting units. such a wide spectrum of uses makes it difficult to identify the peculiarities of this phenomenon.Help in respect to this will come from considering in more detail the different uses of ICTs in warfare. An attack on the information system called smurf attack is an implementation of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. A DDoS is a cyber attack whose aim is to disr upt the functionality of a computer, a network or a website. This form of attack was deployed in 2007 against institutional Estonian websites, and more recently similar attacks have been launched to block the Internet communication in Burma during the 2010 elections.The use of robotic weapons in the battlefield is another way to use ICTs in warfare. It is a growing phenomenon, coming to wide library paste public notice with US army, which deployed cl robotic weapons in Iraqs war in 2004, culminating in 12,000 robots by 2008. Nowadays, several armies around the world are developing and using tele-operated robotic weapons, they have been deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan, and more sophisticated machines are being used at the borders amid Israel and Palestine in the so-called automatic kill zone.These robots are trusted to watch over the presence of potential enemies and to mediate the action of the human soldiers and hence to enhance on potential enemys ranges when these are within the range patrolled by the robots. Several armies withal invested their resources to deploy unmanned vehicles, like the MQ-1 predators, which have then been used to hit ground targets, and to develop unmanned combat air vehicles, which are knowing to deliver weapons and can potentially act autonomously, like the EADS Barracuda, and the Northrop Grumman X-47B.One of the latest kinds of robotic weapon SGR-A1 has been deployed by South Korea to patrol the border with North Korea. This robot has low-light camera and pattern recognition software to distinguish humans from animals or other objects. It also has a color camera, which can locate a target up to 500 meters, and if necessary, can fire its built-in machine gun. Up until now, robotic weapons were tele-operated by militaries sitting miles away from the combat zone.Human were kept in the spiral and were the ones who decided whether to shoot the target and to maneuver the robot on the battlefield. The case of SGR-A1 constitute s quite a novelty, as it has an automatic mode, in which it can open fire on the given target without waiting for the human soldier to validate the operation. Finally, the management of communication among the units of an army has been revolutionized radically by the use of ICTs. Communication is a very important aspect of warfare.It concerns the analysis of the enemys resources and strategy and the definition of an armys own tactics on the battlefield. NCW and C4ISR represent a major revolution in this respect. An example of such revolution is the use of iPhone and Android devices. Today, the US army is testing the use of these devices to access intelligence data, scupper videos made by drones flying over the battlefields, constantly update maps and information on tactics and strategy, and, generally speaking, gather all the necessary information to hide the enemy. Changing Nature of ConflictStates have been resilient in the face of technological change, and despite the increasin gly rapid diffusion of information, states still shape the political space within which information flows (Keohane and Nye 1998 Herrera 2004). Yet state power has been diminished too. States have lost much of their control over monetary and fiscal policies, which are often dictated by global markets (Castells 1996, pp. 245, 254). The rapid movement of currency in and out of countries by currency speculators can extract a crushing cost on countries that do not have large currency reserves.States no longer monopolize scientific research. The Internet allows a global scientific community to exchange information on topics that can be easily exploited by terrorist organizations (Castells 1996, p. 125). The Internet has made it impossible for states, dictatorships as well as democracies, to monopolize the truth (Castells 1996, pp. 384, 486-487). Nor can they monopolize strategic information (Keohane and Nye 1998) the information that confers great advantage only if competitors do not po ssess it because states no longer control encryption technologies.Most critically, IT has made the most technologically advanced and powerful societies by traditional indices the most vulnerable to attack. A distinguishing hallmark of the information age is the network, which exploits the accessibility and avail competency of information, and computational and communicative speed, to organize and disseminate knowledge cheaply and efficiently (Harknett 2003). The strength of the network lies in its degree of connectivity. Connectivity can increase prosperity and military effectiveness, but it also creates vulnerabilities.Information-intensive military organizations are more vulnerable to information warfare because they are more information-dependent, while an adversary need not be information-dependent to disrupt the information lifeline of high-tech forces. Information-dependent societies are also more vulnerable to the infiltration of computer networks, databases, and the media, and to physical as well as cyber attacks on the very linkages upon which modern societies rely to function communication, financial transaction, transportation, and energy resource networks.The same forces that have wateryened states have sceptred non-states. The information revolution has diffused and redistributed power to traditionally weaker actors. Terrorists have access to encryption technologies which increase their anonymity and make it difficult for states to disrupt and note their operations. (Zanini and Edwards 2001, pp. 37-8) Global markets and the Internet make it possible to hire fells, read about the design and dissemination of weapons of mass destruction, and coordinate international money laundering to pay nefarious activities (Kugler and Frost, eds. 001 Castells 2000, pp. 172, 180-182). Terrorists can now communicate with wider audiences and with each other over greater distances, recruit new members, and diffuse and control their operations more widely and f rom afar. Non-state actors also have increasing access to offensive information warfare capabilities because of their relative cheapness, accessibility and commercial origins (US GAO 1996 Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for attainment and Technology 1996).Globalization, and the information technologies that undergird it, suggest that a small, well- make group may be able to create the same havoc that was once the purview of states and large organizations with substantial amounts of resources. The availability off-the-shelf commercial technologies benefits smaller states and non-state actors, to be sure, but only the wealthiest and most powerful states will be able to leverage information technology to launch a revolution in military affairs. The ability to gather, sort, process, transfer, and disseminate information over a wide geographic area to assign dominant battle space awareness will be a capability reserved for the most powerful (Keohane and Nye 1998). In this re spect, information technology continues trends already underway in the evolution of combat that have enhanced the military effectiveness of states. IT makes conventional combat more accurate, thereby improving the efficiency of high explosive attacks. On the other hand, IT also continues trends in warfare that circumvent traditional military forces and which work in favor of weaker states and non-states.Like strategic bomb and counter-value nuclear targeting, efforts to destroy or punish an adversary by bypassing destruction of his armed forces and directly attacking his society, predate the information technology age. Techniques of information warfare provide attackers with a broader array of tools and an ability to target more precisely and by non-lethal means the lifelines upon which advanced societies rely power grids, phone systems, transportation networks, and planing machine guidance systems.Information is not only a means to boost the effectiveness of lethal technologies, but opens up the possibility of non-lethal attacks that can incapacitate, defeat, deter or coerce an adversary, attacks that can be launched by individuals and private groups in addition to professional militaries. Warfare is no longer an action mechanism exclusively the province of the state. Information is something that states, organized for success in the industrial age, do not have a comparative advantage in exploiting.John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt argue that the information revolution is strengthening the network form of organization over hierarchical forms, that non-state actors can organize into networks more easily than traditional hierarchical state actors, and that the master of the network will gain major advantages over hierarchies because hierarchies have a difficult time fighting networks. (Arquilla and Ronfeldt 2001, pp. 1, 15. ) States are run by large hierarchical organizations with clearly delineated structures and functions.By contrast, a more efficient organ izational structure for the knowledge economy is the network of operatives, or knowledge workers not bound by geographic location. This is precisely the type of organizational structure being adopted by terrorist groups as they adapt to the information age. There is evidence that adaptation is fast in flat hierarchies or matrix organizations than it is in the steep pyramidal hierarchies that run the modern nation-state that flatter networks have a much shorter learning curl than do hierarchically networked organizations (Areieli 2003).The higher the hierarchy, the faster it operates if it is doing something it has already foreseen and thus for which it is prepared. If, on the other hand, a scenario requires the development of new processes that were not foreseen, the flatter organization is fracture at learning. Matrix organizations are more creative and innovative. According to Castells, the performance of a network depends on two fundamental attributes its connectedness that is its structural ability to facilitate noise-free communication between its components its onsistency, that is the extent to which there is sharing of interests between the networks goals and the goals of its components (Castells 1996, p. 171). On both criteria, large state bureaucracies suffer sobering disadvantages. Informal war Informal war is armed conflict where at least one of the antagonists is a non-state entity such as an insurgent army or ethnic militia. It is the descendent of what became known as low intensity conflict in the 1980s. Like today, future informal war will be found on some combination of ethnicity, race, regionalism, economics, personality, and ideology.Often ambitious and unscrupulous leaders will use ethnicity, race, and religion to mobilize support for what is essentially a demand for personal power. The objectives in informal war may be autonomy, separation, outright control of the state, a change of policy, control of resources, or, justice as defined by those who use force. Informal war will grow from the culture of violence which has spread around the world in past decades, flowing from endemic conflict, crime, the medicine trade, the proliferation of weapons, and the trivialization of violence by popular culture. In many parts of the world, violence has become routine.Whole generations now see it as normal. In this setting, informal war will remain common, in part because of the declining effectiveness of states. Traditionally, governments could preserve internal order by rewarding regions or groups of society which supported the government, punishing those which did not, and, with refreshed leadership, preempting conflict and violence with economic development. In a globalized economy, the ability of governments to control and manipulate the economy is diminished, thus taking away one of their eyeshade tools for quelling dissent and rewarding support.In regions where the state was inherently weak, many nations have larg e areas of territory beyond the control of the government. And, as political, economic, and military factors bound traditional cross border invasion, proxy aggression has become a more attractive strategic option. Regimes unwilling to suffer the sanctions and opprobrium that results from invading ones neighbors find that supporting the enemies of ones neighbors is often overlooked. This is not likely to change in coming decades.Finally, the combination of globalization and the Cold War have fueled the growth of an international arms market at the same time that the international drug traffic and the coalescence of international criminal networks have provided sources of income for insurgents, terrorists, and militias. With enough money, anyone can equip a powerful military force. With a willingness to use crime, nearly anyone can generate enough money. Informal war is not only more common than in the past, but also more strategically significant.This is true, in part, because of th e rarity of formal war but also because of interconnectedness. What Martin Libicki calls the globalization of perceptionthe ability of people to know what is happening everywheremeans that obscure conflicts can become headline news. There are no backwaters any more. As suffering is broadcast around the world, calls mount for intervention of one sort or the other. Groups engaged in informal war use personal and technological interconnectedness to publicize their cause, building bridges with a web of organizations and institutions.The Zapatista movement in southern Mexico is a model for this process. The Zapatistas, in conjunction with a plethora of left(a)-leaning Latin Americanists and human rights organizations, used of the Internet to build international support with web pages housed on servers at places like the University of California, Swarthmore, and the University of Texas. This electronic coalition-building was so sophisticated that a group of researchers from the RAND Cor poration labeled it social netwar. Undoubtedly, more organizations will follow this path, blending the expertise of traditional political movements with the cutting-edge advertise and marketing techniques that the information revolution has spawned. A defining feature of the information revolution is that perception matters as much as tangible things. This will for sure hold for informal warfare. future day strategists will find that crafting an image assessment or perception map of a conflict will be a central part of their planning.In failed states, informal war may be symmetric as militias, brigand bands, and warlord armies fight each other. At other times, it may be asymmetric as state militaries, perhaps with outside assistance, fight against insurgents, militias, brigands, or warlord armies. Future insurgents would need to perform the same functions of defense, support, and the pursuit of victory, but will find new ways to do so. In terms of defense, dispersion is likely to be strategic as well as tactical. There will be few sanctuaries for insurgent headquarters in an era of global linkages, pervasive sensor webs, nd standoff weapons, so astute insurgents will spread their command and control apparatus around the world. Information technology will make this feasible. Right wing anti-government theorists in the United States have already demonstrable a concept they call leaderless resistance in which disassociated terrorists work toward a common goal and become aware of each others actions through media publicity. The information revolution will provide the opportunity for virtual leadership of insurgencies which do not choose the anarchical path of leaderless resistance. The top leadership might never be in the same physical location. The organization itself is likely to be highly decentralized with specialized nodes for key functions like combat operations, terrorism, fund raising, intelligence, and political warfare. In many cases, insurgent netwo rks will themselves be part of a broader global network unified by opposition to the existing political and economic order. Informal war in the coming decades will not represent a total break with its current variants. It will still signify hands on combat, with noncombatants as pawns and victims.Insurgents, militias, and other organizations which use it will seek ways to raise the costs of conflict for state forces. Gray Area War As the Cold War ended defense analysts like Max G. Manwaring noted the rising danger from gray area phenomena that combined elements of traditional war-fighting with those of organized crime. Gray area war is likely to increase in strategic significance in the early decades of the 21st century. To an extent, this is a return to historical normalcy after the abnormality of the Cold War. Today, gray area threats are increasing in strategic significance.Information technology, with its tendency to disperse information, shift advantages to flexible, networked organizations, and facilitate the substructure of alliances or coalitions, has made gray area enemies more dangerous than in the past. For small or weak countries, the challenge is particularly dire. Not only are their security forces and intelligence communities less proficient, but the potential impact of gray area threats is amplified by the need to attract outside capital. In this era of globalization and interconnectedness, prosperity and stability within a state are contingent on capital inflows.Except in nations that possess one of the very rare high-payoff natural resources like petroleum, capital inflows require stability and security. In places like Colombia, South Africa, Central Asia, and the Caucuses, foreign investment is diminished by criminal activity and the insecurity it spawns. This makes gray area threats a serious security challenge. Gray area war involves an enemy or a network of enemies that seeks primarily profit, but which has political overtones and a su bstantially greater capability for strategic planning and the conduct of armed conflict than traditional criminal groups.Like future insurgents, future networked gray area enemies may have nodes that are purely political, some political elements that use informal war, and other components that are purely criminal. This greatly complicates the line of work of security forces that must deal with them. Because gray area enemies fall in between the realm of national security and law enforcement, the security forces that confront them must also be a gray blend of the military and the police. Like the military, security forces must have substantial fire power (both traditional and informational), and the ability to approach problems. just now these security forces also must have characteristics of law enforcement, working within legal procedures and respecting legal rights. Even though the objective will be monetary rather than purely political, violence will be goal-oriented. Astrategic gray area war will consist primarily of turf battles between armed gangs or militias. It may be related to refugee movements, ethnic conflict, ecological degradation, or struggles for political power (as in Jamaica in the 1990s, where political parties used thoroughfare gangs to augment their influence).When astrategic gray area war is linked to struggles for political power, the armed forces (such as they are) will be serving as mercenaries only partially controlled by their paymasters, rather than armed units under the actual command of political authorities. Strategic Information warfare Formal, informal, and gray area war are all logical extensions of existing types. Technology, though, could force or allow more radical change in the conduct of armed conflict. For instance, information may become an actual weapon rather than precisely a tool that supports traditional kinetic weapons.Future war may see attacks via computer viruses, worms, logic bombs, and trojan horses rather than bullets, bombs, and missiles. This is simply the latest version of an idea with recent antecedents in military history. Today strategic information warfare remains simply a concept or theory. The technology to wage it does not exist. Even if it did, strategists cannot be certain strategic information warfare would have the intended psychological effect. Would the destruction of a states infrastructure truly cause psychological collapse?Would the failure of banking, commercial, and transportation systems crush the will of a people or steel it? But until infrastructure warfare is proven ineffective, states and non-state actors which have the capacity to attempt it probably will, doing so because it appears potentially effective and less chancey than other forms of armed conflict. Future infrastructure war could take two forms. In one version, strategic information attacks would be used to prepare for or support conventional military operations to weaken an enemys ability to mobi lize or deploy force.The second possible form would be stand alone strategic information warfare. This might take the form of a sustained campaign designed for decisive victory or, more likely, as a series of raids designed to punish or coerce an enemy But should cyber-attacks, whether as part of strategic information warfare or as terrorism, become common, the traditional advantage large and rich states hold in armed conflict might erode. Cyber-attacks require much less expensive equipment than traditional ones.The necessary skills exist in the civilian information technology world. One of the things that made nation-states the most effective organizations for waging industrial age war was the expense of troops, equipment and supplies. Conventional industrial-age war was expensive and wasteful. save organizations that could mobilize large amounts of money flesh, and material could succeed at it. But if it becomes possible to wage war using a handful of computers with internet conn ections, a vast array of organizations may choose to join the fray.Non-state organizations could be as effective as states. Private entities might be able to match state armed forces. While substantial movement is underway on the defense of national information infrastructure, offensive information warfare is more controversial. Following the 1999 air campaign against Serbia, there were reports that the United States had used offensive information warfare and thus triggered a super-weapon that catapulted the country into a military era that could forever vary the ways of war and the march of history. According to this story, the U. S. military targeted Serbias command and control network and telephone system. The Future Battlefield The information revolution is transforming warfare. No longer will massive dug-in Armies, armadas and Air Forces fight bloody attritional battles. Instead, small highly mobile forces, armed with real time information from satellites and terrestrially dep loyed battlefield sensors, will strike with lightening speed at unexpected locations.On the battlefield of the future, enemy forces will be, located, tracked and targetted almost instantaneously through the use of * Sensors and their fusion with a view to presenting an integrated highly reliable intelligence picture in real time. * Surveillance devices that unceasingly seek and spectre the enemy. * Data-links and computer-generated battle picture, task tables and maps that change scale and overlay differing types of information in response to voice requests. * Automated fire control, with first round kill probabilities access near certainty. Simulation, visualization and virtually in planning, and testing concepts and weapon effectiveness. This would balance out the need for large forces to overwhelm the opponent physically. Control function will be decentralized and shared at all levels of command. Combat will be in tandem to intelligence gathering. Non-lethal, soft-kill electro nic weapons will assume as much importance as highly lethal, hard-kill weapons. Intelligent command posts and paperless headquarters will be the form. A Commander will be of a different breed-priding more in his lap-top than his baton. He will be his own staff officer.Changing Perception of War and its implications on poorly governed country The idea that weak states can compromise security most obviously by providing havens for terrorists but also by incubating organized crime, spurring waves of migrants, and undermining global efforts to control environmental threats and ailment is no longer much contested. Washington Post, June 9. 2004 A majority of states in the contemporary security environment can be classified as weak. These states designate a limited ability to control their own territories because, in part, they do not have a monopoly on the use of force within their borders.They also struggle to provide security or deliver major services to large segments of their popu lations. These vulnerabilities generate security predicaments that propel weak regimesboth democratic and haughtyto act in opportunistic ways. Because they lack conventional capabilities, out of necessity, weak states will have to be opportunistic in their use of the limited instruments they have available for security and survival. The threat of information warfare should be understood within a broad vision of global power that is based on an up-dated version of Mao Zedongs theory of the Three Worlds.Just as Mao believed that the world was divided into three tiers of states, with the superpowers at the top, the developed states in the core and the developing states at the bottom, in the information age is also supposed to be three types of state. At the top of the pile is the information hegemony state, take a firm stand its control by dominating the telecommunications infrastructure, software development, and by reaping profits from the use of information and the Internet.After this comes the information sovereign state, exemplified by those European states that have accumulated sufficient know-how to exert independent control over their information resources and derive profits from them, and to protect themselves from information hegemony. At the bottom of the pile are the information colonial and semi-colonial states, which have no choice but to accept the information that is forced on them by other states. They are thus left vulnerable to exploitation because they lack the means to protect themselves from hegemonic power. In recent years, the nature of conflict has changed.Through asymmetric warfare radical groups and weak state actors are using unexpected means to deal stunning blows to more powerful opponents in the West. From terrorism to information warfare, the Wests air power, sea power and land power are open to attack from clever, but much weaker, enemies. The significance of asymmetric warfare, in both civilian and military realms become such an important subject for study to provide answers to key questions, such as how weaker opponents apply asymmetric techniques against the Western world, and shows how the West military superiority can be disadvantageously undermined by asymmetric threats.Conclusion It is said that nothing is permanent except change. This is particularly true in the information age. It is important to understand the nature of the new world information order in order to be effective in foreign policy initiatives and to conduct the international relations. The information revolution throws up various contradictory phenomena. It includes the strengthening of the forces of anarchy and control. The revolution empowers individuals and elites. It breaks down hierarchies and creates new power structures.It offers more choices and too many choices, greater insight and more fog. It reduces the risk to soldiers in warfare and vastly increases the cost of conflict. It can lead to supremacy of the possessors of i nformation technologies while it leads to vulnerabilities to the same possessors from weaker nations. It cedes some state authority to markets, to transnational entities and to non-state actors and as a result produces political forces calling for the strengthening of the state.However, a mere look at some of the manifestations of the arrival of information technology in international relations, clearly brings out how the nature and exercise of power have been permanently altered. Benjamin Barber describes a world that is both coming together and falling apart in his book Jihad Against McWorld. He describes a world where the nation state is losing its influence and where the world is returning to tribalism, regionalism, and the ethnocentric warfare that characterized much of the earlier human history.This problem is most apparent in the developing world where we continue to see the spread of disease, continuing humanitarian crisis, political and economic instability, and ethnic, tr ibal, civil, and drug related war. There are several themes that are consistent across these global futures. The first is conflict. The negative effects of globalization will continue to promote regionalism, tribalism, and conflict in the developing world. Secondly, nations with uncontrollable population growth, a scarcity of natural resources, and poor government systems will fail to benefit from globalization regardless of its effects on the rest of the world.Thirdly, technology will continue to be exploited to benefit developed nations and illicit criminal/terrorist networks, and will have little affect on the developing world. In all scenarios the power of the state will weaken and the power of the non-state networked actor will continue to reach out with the help of the tools of globalization. References Paul D. Williams. (2008). War. In Paul D. Williams Security Studies An Introduction. New York Routledge. p151-p171. Akshay Joshi. (2010). The Information Revolution and Nation al PowerPolitical Aspects-II.Available www. idsa. org. Last accessed 13rd November 2011. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-War survival at the Dawn of the 21st Century, Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1993. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. , Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 5, September/October 1998. Steven Metz. (2010). ARMED employment IN THE 21st CENTURY. Strategic Studies Institute. 01 (1), 65-119. Arquilla, J. (1998). Can information warfare ever be just?Ethics and Information Technology, 1(3), 203-212. Floridi, L. (2009). The information Society and Its Philosophy. The Information Society, 25(3), 153-158. Steven, Doglous, 2002. Information Warfare a Philosophical Perspective. 1. London University of Hertfordshire. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr.. (1998). Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. Foreign Affairs. v. 77 (5), 1-10 David J. Rothkopf, Cyberpolitik The Changing Nature of Power in the Info rmation Age, Journal of International Affairs, Spring 1998, p. 27. Akshay Joshi, The Information Revolution and National Power Political Aspects-I, Strategic Analysis, August 1999. Jessica Mathews, Powershift, Foreign Affairs, January/February 1997, pp. 50-55. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1976). The seminal discussion of the political philosophy of war. Emily O. Goldman and Leo J. Blanken, 2011, THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF MILITARY POWER, California, University of California-Davis

Affirmative Action PRO vs. CON Essay

The 108th Congress of the United States brought up the debate of whether to allow public institutions to adopt the Affirmative Action, allowing minorities to have higher opportunities than the majority. Although no specific stand was approached, it distinctly shows the growing interest of people on the act of Affirmative Action. I am pro Affirmative Action when dealing with public institutions. However, I intend a private institution should practice equality. Affirmative Action compensates for the past faults and biased treatments toward minorities, provides ample opportunities to unprivileged people who currently cant be authorized to institutions, and could rid of the biased view many people still have on minorities.Looking back on American history, we can clearly shoot the breeze many prejudiced acts and viewpoints towards the minorities. The most obvious example is with African Americans. Now at present times, Affirmative Action can and will compensate to a degree the hurts a nd pains minorities suffered.Although people call America the land of opportunity, many people, consisting largely of minorities, never get a chance to succeed. Many colleges screen applicants with a biased standard, calling it tradition. Companies and institutions prevent employees from receiving full privileges, shouting company regulations. Affirmative Action can tear down those obstacles and false standards giving those underprivileged saucily opportunities.When Asians fluctuated to the United States during the gold rush, many locals responded violently thinking they will take all the jobs there were. Even today, a number of people still retain biased views toward the minorities. It is evident on the existing practices of the Ku Klux Klan. Affirmative Action can change much of those biased views and allow the minorities to be accepted in the look of others.Although Affirmative Action should apply to public institutions, equality should be practiced in private institutions. Eq ual treatments should allow others to participate on making a non-discriminatory system. Equality, not favoritism, should be standards on private institutions. However, on the overall view, I stand pro on Affirmative Action.

DNA Fingerprinting

deoxyribonucleic acid contains genetic material and information that makes up each individual trait. Every person can be place by providing his or her genetic information based on a particular DNA concatenation. DNA information is an effective way of identifying persons if it is use properly. It is used to identify humans in different situations such as crime eyeshots, accident scenes, paternity testing, soldier remain identification, inheritance claims, missing person investigations, and convicted bend databases. Although there are different ways to identify DNA, the most common method is DNA reproduce. The process that was used in the lab experiment was gel electrophoresis.Before DNA fingerprinting, a different method called Blood write was used. This method was used to identify people by taking a sample of modify blood. But this method had some disadvantages for example, many people who receive blood by transfusionundergo changes in their blood characteristics,making tic klish the blood typing also, blood typing required an amount of body fluid that sometimes was not enough or that other times was deteriorated, making it impossible to do the blood typing. So, because of these disadvantages, DNA fingerprinting began to be used as a forensic tool.Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFPLs) is a restriction enzyme that recognizes a specific strand of the nucleotides in DNA. This strand is different in every individual the restriction enzymes cut the part of the DNA strand that is different, and it is used in gel electrophoresis to identify a person. For example, in crime scene investigations the DNA sample that is entrap is compared with the sample of suspects bythe gel electrophoresis procedure in order todetermine if the suspect committed a crime.When doing the gel electrophoresis process,different DNA strands are limit in the lanes of the gel, and they are run by an electrochemical gradient from negative to positive to separate these strands . When the strands separate, they convocation themselves in bands. The shortest bands travel at higher speed therefore, they are frame at the end of the gel. This experiment gives the possibility to identify which bands are the same to the wholeness that was found in the scene, allowingreaching the objective, which is to uncover who is responsible at the crime scene.MATERIALSRestriction enzyme Colored micro-tubes contain DNA samples DNA loading dye Agarose gel Pipet Tips dielectrolysis apparatus TAE Buffer Centrifuge great hundred ml of 100X blue stain. Tray 40 to 50 Celsius of tap water. IceMETHODS1. In the lab experiment DNA samples were provided in swarthy micro-tubes that were incubated in ice.2. 5 ulof DNA loading dye were placed in each sample tube and each tube was flipped gently with afinger. 3. A centrifugate was used to sashay the DNA sample with the loading dye. 4. Theagarose gel was placed with thetop of the gel to the negative side in electrophoresis apparatus, a nd the electrophoresis box was fill up with TAE buffer until it had completely covered the gel. 5. A pipet was used with different tips, and DNA samples were loaded into different lanes of the gel in the following order bridle-path 2 DNA sizes marker 10ul lane 3 peculiar one, 20 ul Lane 4 Suspect two, 20 ul Lane 5 Suspect three, 20 ul Lane 6 Suspect four, 20 ul Lane 7 Suspect five, 20 ul6. The lid was placed in the electrophoresis chamber and plugged into the military unit supply. The power supply was turned on and the samples were electrophoresed at 100V for 30 minutes. 7. After that, the gel was removed carefully from the gel box and placed in a tray. 8. 120 ml of 100X fast blast of DNA stain was added. The gel was stained for two minutes with gentle movement. 9. The gel was transferred into a large tray and the gel was rinsed with solid tap water twice, with gentle shaking.The gel was leftto dry for 24 hours.Loadind dye was Centrifuge wasused Gel was placed DNA samples were placed in each to mix DNA and electrophoresis loaded in the gel micro-tube samplesloading dyeapparatusElectrophoresis Gel was placed in aGel was transferred Gel was rinse until chamberwas connected tray filled with to a clean tray the dissipation of stain to the power supply stain with warn tap water was removedRESULTSGel ElectrophoresisMolecular marker Crime Scene Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3 Suspect 4 Suspect 5 Band Distance (mm) Actual size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx coat (bp) Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx Size (bp 1 4 23,000 10 5,700 12 5,000 12 5,000 10 5,700 12 5,000 12 5,000 2 7 9,400 12 5,000 17 2,500 15 4,400 12 5,000 18 2,300 14 4,600 3 9 6,500 19 2,250 18 2,300 17 2,500 19 2,250 22 2,200 19 2,250 4 15 4,4005 18 2,3006 22 2,000DNA Bands Data TableBased on the results of the gel electrophoresis, suspect number threes DNA sample matches with the crime scene sample, not only because they look the same, plainly also because of the distance that strands travel along the gel, and the base pairs that they contain. The DNA bands of the crime scene sample were found at 10, 12, and 19 mm, instead of the bands of suspect numbers one, two, four, and five,which were found at different distances than the crime scene sample. Only the bands that correspond to suspect number three were found with similar distances to the crime scene one. Finally, the base pairs of the DNA bands of suspect number three and of the one found in the crime scene were 5,700 bp for the first set of DNA bands, 5,000bp for the second set, and 2,250 bpfor the third set. All of these results indicate that suspect number three was responsible for the crime committed in the crime scene.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis were used to determine the size of the unique strand cut by restriction enzymes that identifies the individual who w as responsible in the crime scene. This lab taught how to behaviour an electrophoresis experiment, and how importantthe use of this method is to unclutter a problem that is common in society. In this process different DNA samples were provided, and after doing the electrophoresis experiment, it was found that the suspect committed the crime. DNA profiling, whichwascalled at first DNA fingerprinting, is used for other purposes, as was mentioned earlier. One of those is paternitytesting.At this time, this method has become less difficult than what people may believe. Some laboratories provide this service, sending to their clients a kitwith everything that is needed to collect a sample of DNA.This sample, which could be a small portion of impertinence tissue taken with a swab and put in a labeled envelope, is returned to the lab to be analyzed. Sometimes when this type of test is required for legitimate reasons, the sample to be evaluatedis taken under supervisionin order to avoid any intentional errors. DNA fingerprinting and profiling have become common processes, but also these have become very important because they help to get accurate results by using genetic information in order to solve different situations such as a crime or paternity identification.

Technology and Health Play

As of today, technology plays a vital role in almost every facet of human existence. In the same way, this research paper treats technology as a vital share of the full swing implementation of wellness selective information systems as the new way of addressing and managing health issues. data systems by elementary definition is the integration of technology flooringd components that is used for the collection, storage, processing and communication (transmission) of information (Britannica, 2010, p. n.pag.). This research paper integrates the same meaning in its discussions regarding the policy planning and implementation of information systems in the field of health. More particularly, this research paper strives to explain the Public Health Informatics Institute policy issues through its extensive discussions of information systems.The World Health Organization (WHO) stresses that the integration of information systems in health care profits many individuals. Even if the f ull swing use of information systems in health care is still far from being realized, most health institutions such as the WHO deem that the globe of health information systems will make the identification, addressing and implementation of health policies comparatively easier. Addressing endemic health problems piece of ass be more efficient, raze before an outbreak is declared due to the simultaneous monitoring capabilities of health information systems (Eldis.org, 2010, p. n.pag.).Information systems allow performance data to be easily disseminated to communities and individuals allowing the creation of a more well-timed(a) consciousness regarding health issues (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1). The data from the information systems can be treated as the evidence base of health policy making the precision of data in information systems allows policymakers to determine the issues compulsory to be addressed (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1). Finally, information systems empower health institutions customers with the accountability of their health institutions by making their transactions save and managed (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1).The advantages projected with the blooming of health information systems can easily move health institutions to integrate their trading operations to information systems. However, such decisions cannot be easily made without a preliminary assessment of the current health industrys policies and structures. The technological bias of health information systems creates a completely new place for the health care industry. Due to this, health institutions such as PHII oblige themselves to assess not just the practicability of such systems but also its feasibility to start with.PHII pushes for the issue of integrating information systems to the health industry by integrating it on existing health structures such as immunization registries. The integration of immunization registries to information systems insures that the cash register will be efficient ly managed without compromising the needed confidentiality of the state-based data of the registry (Saarlas, Edwards, Wild, & Richmond, 2003, p. 47).The policies of many health institutions toward health information systems are founded in the premises set by population based data such as immunization registries. The massive information needed to address even the smallest health problems can be found in population based health information (Hinman & Ross, 2010, p. n.pag.). In line with this, PHII pushes forth the integration of information systems in the health structure of immunization registries to insure that the structure can function at its optimum level. The new features of information systems are seen by PHII as the needed essentials to take the health care industry into a more efficient and accountable state. Conclusively, the integration of immunization registries is a start but not the end of the bloom of health information systems.BibliographyBritannica. (2010). Science an d engine room Information Systems. Retrieved August 4, 2010, from www.britannica.com http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-systemEldis.org. (2010). Health management information systems. Retrieved August 4, 2010, from www.eldis.org www.eldis.org/healthsystems/hmis/index.htmHinman, A. R., & Ross, D. A. (2010). Immunization Registries Can Be the Building Blocks for National Health Information Systems. Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www.phii.org http//content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/29/4/676?ijkey=GH9RmlBCqfpKA&keytype= reviewer&siteid=healthaffSaarlas, K. N., Edwards, K., Wild, E., & Richmond, P. (2003). Developing Performance Measures for Immunization Registries. Public Health Management Practice , 47-57.

Background of the Study Essay

In the recent years, planetary phone usage has been in its rapid growth. 80% of the worlds population now has a mobile phone. Based on the statistics, there be 5 billion mobile phones in the world out of which only 1. 08 billion are smartphones. gibe to the research compiled by GfK Asia, smartphones have taken over the market for mobile handsets in Southeast Asia. excessively GfK Asia says that in countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia, growth in smartphone use year over year ranged from 40% to as high as 400%.The smartphones market in the Philippines grew the fastest among Southeast Asian countries over the ancient year, which also recorded the fastest increase in market share versus feature phones. Most of the mobile phones nowadays are addressed as Smartphone because they just not only provide original yell features, but also various functions that can be done with another(prenominal) devices, such as PDAs or computers.A a bundant with the smartphone fundamental capabilities to make voice call, video call, SMS, and MMS, smartphone have been repositioned as a ? new study medium (May & Hearn, 2005). These new functions make smartphones different from regular feature phones. Therefore, the society has slowly moved their cellphone phone purchasing decision to smartphone (Min, et al. , 2012). Smartphone technology is inevitably changing peoples behaviors especially young adults using smartphone frequently today.CourseSmart, which is the worlds largest provider of digital course materials and eTextbooks, found that university students cant go long without checking their digital devices, including smartphone, laptop and more (CourseSmart, 2011) University students are very in to checking their accounts in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or even send emails etc. using smartphone with their web connection feature.Today, students are using their smartphones for nearly everything and they consume mobile readin g almost everywhere that allows them. Therefore, consumers are highly concern with technologies that they might change their devices from time to time. In other words, due to the advancement of technology devices can be easily replaced. Hence, for the smartphone manufacturers it is essential to know what factors that actually bear upon purchase intention of smartphone among young adults.

My Body

My Body When I face in front of the mirror, I can see a woman with short hair, round eyes, pale lips, and with an bonny height, that is my proboscis. When I do things desire brushing my teeth, eating dinner, walking, writing homework, sitting, and etc, which is what I am, I am a human because of what my body can do. But who or what am l? As simply as it sounds, itll take time to internalize and answer this question. People would start to think from the simplest to complex things and varying answers would manifestation and go.Without looking in front of the mirror, without thinking the things that I can do, without thinking of what others might answer, but with my perception, experiences, and surround to answer the question Who or what am l? Well, I have answers. With my body as a basis, I know that I am Marjorie Valiance Hamlin, 19 years of age, residing at Sat. Maria, Gambling metropolis since 1995, the seventh child, fourth daughter of my mother and father, studying at Wester n Mindanao State University, taking up Bachelor of Science in Biology.With my answer above, it seems like there is something lacking like a absent puzzle piece. With my intimate relation of myself to my body, I have also a spirit, which gives me the ability to control and call for my body in which Gabriel Marcel stated in his Second Reflection. With this body, I am able to interact with other people like having new friends and sharing experiences together. I am also able to embark in the events that have been happening like family gatherings, celebrating holidays, and even supporting organizations.I am also able to e and appreciate Gods creation with my own two naked eyes. With this body, I am able to express myself to the other people. I can say what I feel inside of me. I may also arrangement it along with my gestures. With all the experiences of my body and my soul, it formed me to become the me of today. To answer who am l? I am me. A creation of God, a soul embodied, a stewa rd of His creation. I am in this body to serve others and the world. I am a unique independent member of human race like everyone else with an essential purpose living on earth.

Love in Times of Cholera

Love in sentences of Cholera Gabriel Garcia Marquez 26/10/2011 Alan Anaya The plot unfolds in Central America early this century, a period in which, according to the narrator, signs of falling in issue could be confused with symptoms of cholera. Like the mighty Magdalena, whose banks are developed, the story twists and flowing, rhythmic, deliberate, and prose narrates down through more than lx years the life of the main characters, Fermina Daza, Florentino Ariza and DoctorJuvenal Urbino de la Calle.And little by little, this scenario and these characters, as a classification of tropical plants and clays that the authors hand shapes and fancies, are flowing into the land of myth and legend, approaching to a happy ending. Undoubtedly, the open(a) is deep, rich, realistic and moving. Garcia Marquez stresses momentous issues in the life of man, such as family, friendship, relish in different stages of life, fidelity, connubial life, and death, for it appeals to a largely descripti ve resource.Using a language full of richness and versatility, the Colombian writer tells the complex scheme, plausible and hopeful of a world that resembles, more than we think, the world in which we live. Thus once again shows us that life is nothing but endless work for which human beings were created. The story takes propose in the Caribbean town of La Manga, which live submerged in continuous civil wars and the constant terror of cholera. Fermina Daza with his father, Lorenzo Daza, and aunt, moved from San Juan de la Cienega to La Manga in search of a brighter future.Once there, it appears that Florentino Ariza falls in love with Fermina, at which it begins to haunt with long letters of love to which, later, Fermina replays. that one day, Lorenzo Ariza is advised of charting and decides to spend some(a) time away from La Manga, because he wanted another kind of husband for her daughter. So, went to San Juan de la Cienaga where Fermina, in cahoots with his cousin Hildebrand a Sanchez, where she continues to correspond to Florentino. Over time, the family returns to La Manga Daza.One day Fermina goes to the market , where she encounters Florentino, realizing instantly that she is not in love with him, and so she communicates him. Florentino is heartbroken, but he swears to himself that sooner or later get the love of Fermina. Time passes, and a good day when Fermina falls ill, goes to make a visit to the village doctor, Juvenal Urbino de la Calle. This, to gain the arrogance and pride of Fermina, surrendered at his feet down and makes everything possible for her to agree to marry him.After several attempts, Fermina effect to the insistence of the doctor and gets married, to the great sorrow of Florentino. Florentino, to the despair of the sudden loss of Fermina, decides that Juvenal Urbino dies before Fermina, and therefore her being alone, he appears to live the love that had been banned. A day of Pentecost, in which old age and had settled on the ch aracters, Juvenal, trying to rescue her parrot was stuck in a tree, dies after falling from a ladder.That same day, in the wake of the famous doctor, appears to take the opportunity to remind Florentino for Ferminas promise that he would wait forever pull out in his youth, which meets Fermina offended, since he takes it as a dare. After a while the death of Juvenal, Florentino returns to the charting with Fermina, which was initially reluctant. But to celebrate a year of the death of Juvenal, Florentino goes to Fermina Mass and greets you with great emphasis, Florentino fact that taken as a hope.So after a few days, is presented in Ferminas house, a fact that will become a habit and you will thank Fermina. The days and months, and Fermina decides to make a trip up the Magdalena River, which is prepared by Florentino. The trip, originally only going to make Fermina, is that it becomes a sort of honeymoon between the two in which, finally discover that love can occur at any age, in t he case of Fermina, or continue anylife, in the case of Florentino.