Neural Prosthetic Hand Developments

Neural Prosthetic Hand DevelopmentsA recent innovation in the case of medical is the Neural Prosthetic hand. New origination in the field of flighty prosthetics shows that they require a change in the poppycock approach. Due to the reason, that, non all of the materials argon bio-compatible and provide stability with the tissues in which they argon implanted. After the booming bringment of conglomerate prostheses, for example, cochlear and retinal prostheses, the scientists think of developing opposite prostheses. The revolutionary prostheses testament be sufficient to divine service a number of lot who ar injured or dupe lost their limbs, catch epilepsy, traumatic brain scathe, chronic unhinge, Alzheimers disease, people who have speech disabilities and many other who have various forms of diseases will benefit from the new emerging neural prostheses (Varrasi, 2014).Neural ProstheticsIt is a mixture of two fields which are neuro-science and bio-medical engineering. With the help of neuro-scientists, bio-medical engineers design and develop prostheses, which are the disembodied spirit changing factor of any injured individual or for a person who is suffering from about diseases like discussed above. The neural prostheses can be defined as numerous devices which can mime the function of the motor, sensory or cognitive models of the human subject which have been destroyed due to whatsoever injury.These devices are prepared with the help ready reckoner on which the design is make. After which, prototype is made which is utilise to examine the ability of the proposed solution that whether it will work or whether it will have any adverse effects on the subject (Locsin, n.d.). These are implantable devices, some common examples of these are, pacemaker, bladder control prostheses, auditory prostheses (like cochlear implants), auditory prostheses (like earshot aid used by aged people who have hearing puzzles either due to age or due to some injury), pain relieving prostheses, conscious movement prostheses, motor prostheses, cognitive prostheses, and so on.Why should the political party lease it?As both the fields, neuro-science and bio-medical engineering, are newly emerged and have gigantic scope in the future, this new innovation should be adopted. This will put forward great profit to the company as there are hundreds of people who are deprived of the most basic senses like hearing, seeing, speaking, walking, and writing. So these are the people who will be buying these prostheses to get them implanted in their body. Through this, good revenue will be generated to the company and the consumer of the prostheses will be superchargeing the ability which he was deprived of.Another reason to adopt this is, a newly developed or introduced merchandise (in this case a neural prostheses) is always a site of attraction to the people and a sign of relief to those who are in need of it. And for sure, these products will gain popularity in the reclamation centers who work for the well-being of people admitted in the rehabilitation centers (Handa, 2006).Problems in the development of the neural prostheticsAs this is a region where the product is in direct contact of the inside of the human body it has to be prepared very carefully. First and foremost problem which occurs is whether the material used in the development of the prostheses is bio-compatible or not. Due to reason being, if the material is not bio-compatible, it will infect the tissues of the body (as some of the materials for the development of these prostheses can bring to pass poisonous when they come in contact of body tissue) where it was implanted. Next is the problem of acquiring the bio-signal from the body of the patient, as bio-signals are very weak and cannot be recorded easily.Then, is the issue of power consumption of the implanted device, which heats up when it uses more than the required come of power. This is a serious problem as it capacity burn out the tissues in which it is implanted. The tissues are highly sensitive to cosmetic surgery in temperature (Garrison, 2007). Another problem is the life of the implanted prostheses in the human body. As every electronic item has some life crossbreed, so do these products also. A small issue that is the value level of the prostheses whitethorn make it not useable.Solution to the problemThe first problem could be solved by a simple test of the bio-compatibility. Bio-compatibility is the ability of a bio-material that how well it performs with the host tissue (Black, 2006) without producing any adverse effects (Michel Vert, 2012). In this test, the sample is tested in collaboration with the human tissue and chemical formula ranges of the body parameters are noted. This helps in the development of the prostheses which is bio-compatible and will not pretend the body tissues.The other issue could be decided by reservation a circuitry, which acquires the signal from the human body and then amplifies the signal to a limit that can be recognized. The power consumption issue is resolved by setting the rate at which the prostheses is to operate. Thus, by limiting its operation, the amount of power consumed will also be limited. The last issue discussed is regarding the life span of the electronic implant in the body. It is possible to use such(prenominal) batteries like lithium ion batteries which have a greater life span in comparison of the other batteries that have lesser life span. The comfort level of the prostheses could be checked by first preparing the prototype which is made to check the durability.Benefits to the field and companyThese prostheses could be developed in metrical composition and then can be exported to various parts of the world where they are in need. The field benefits by this innovation as after successful researches, these prostheses could be used as an example for the next upcoming prostheses. The new u pcoming prostheses can be used for deep brain injury or to stimulate the spinal cord that will help the scientists and doctors to help patients in the rehabilitation centers. Another type of prostheses is the motor neural prostheses, which are also known as the brain machine interfaces (BMIs). These prostheses can rule the ability of the motor functions which were destroyed due to the some injuries.The benefits of this product to the field is that number of people, including athletes, who might have lost their limb due to some accident, can use this facility and re-gain their passion of participating in tournaments, races, and other activities of interest. The benefit to the company is that it will gain popularity among the other companies. Due to exports and merchandising of these prostheses, the company will have huge revenue which can be re-invested to make new prostheses for various regions of the body.ReferencesBlack, J. (2006). Biological Performance of Materials.Garrison, D. (2007). Minimizing Thermal effect of In Vivo Body Sensors. Virginia.Handa, G. (2006). neural prostheses- past, present future. indian Journal of strong-arm medicine rehabilitation.Locsin, A. (n.d.). What Engineer Designs Prosthetics? Retrieved from Everyday life http//everydaylife.globalpost.com/engineer-designs-prosthetics-12210.htmlMichel Vert, e. a. (2012). Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012).Varrasi, J. (2014, February 27). Next-Gen Neural Prosthetics beg a New Materials Approach. Retrieved from livescience http//www.livescience.com/43746-next-generation-prosthetics.html

Antigone

AntigoneIn the play Antigone, written by Sophocels, in that respect are legion(predicate) complications. The most important event is the killing of Antigones cardinal br some differents, Eteocles and Polynices. It was the briny inspiration for the whole play. It any starts afterward King Oedipus was exiled from the city of Thebes after he learns that he has committed incest and patricide, his younger news Eteocles declares to be the king, exiling his senior brother Polyneices. Polyneices and then attacks Thebes with a huge army, only when none of the ii brothers wins the war because they both kill each other in combat. Creon then declares to be the king of Thebes, and he decides that Eteocles should be buried and honored as a hero while Polyneices body shouldnt be honored, but it should be thrown in the streets of Thebes left for dogs and birds to be eaten in humiliation. Creon decides that the penalisation for trying to mask the body of Polyneices leave be death. Antig one, Eteocles and Polynices sister, insists that her brothers body must be buried so that his spirit nookie rest in peace, in spite of the cautious advice of her younger sister, Ismene. She goes to the battleground, pouring sand everyplace Polyneices body and performing burial rites. After that the guards discovers that someone was trying to fall off the body, they uncover the dust from the body, and they starts to look for who does that. Antigone comes back insisting on inhumation her brothers body .She finally allows herself to be captured after flood tide out of hiding when some guards try to uncover the body again, and a rebellious Antigone is brought to Creon. He decides to course only Antigone since Ismenes is innocent and Antigone is sent extracurricular of Thebes to starve to death in a cave. Even though Antigone was zilch but a young lady left alone, she faces many obstructions by herself to do what she believes it is right without any c at oncerns almost the c onsequences.The first obstacle that faces Antigone was her sister, Ismene. They were the only ii family members left after their contracts death and their two brothers dark war against each other and killing each other in the battlefield. Instead of supporting her sister, and trying to keep whats left of the family together, Ismene abandons Antigone and tries to change over her to obey the kings orders. The author quotes Ismene saying The worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, its power- we must be sensible. commend we are women, were not born to contend with men (Sophocles 1144). It is overstep that Ismene is so frightened of Antigones decision to draw a blank her brother Polyneices. It is in like manner clear how Creon, the king, mould his fear in his peoples minds so he will has full control over his kingdom. Antigone doesnt annoyance rough Creons punishment and decides to continue. The author quotes her answering her sister S o, do as you like, whatever suits you best- Ill bury him myself. And even if I give in the act, that death will be a glory. (Sophocles 1144). This quote shows how obdurate Antigone is to bury her brother without having any concerns about the result. It also shows how she considers the death a glory to her for doing whats she believes is right. She considers honoring her brother by giving sew the proper burial is her obligation. Antigone overcomes this obstacle by excusing her sister from joining her to bury their brother.The second obstacle that faces Antigone is the king himself. He wanted to force his endorsement and power over the kingdom after the disturbance that happened in Thebes. He wants his orders and commands to be followed by everyone. Creon creates a monster of himself to scare his people he likes power, authority, and to be obeyed. Thats why everybody was scared and afraid to decline Creon notwithstanding Antigone. She did whats right she wasnt even afraid when t he guards arrested her, she bravely surrendered to them (1152). Creon tangle that he lost his power and authority once Antigone disobey his orders. Creon says, This girl was an old hand at insolence when she overrode the edicts we made public. But once shed don it- the insolence, twice over- to glory in it, laughing, mocking us to our face with what shed done (Sophocles 1154). He considers Antigones act an diss to the king without considering that she wants to give her brother the proper burial to honor him as prince. That explains why he was so harsh in his verdict to execute her by starvation. Antigone knows that she is doing whats right and she surrenders to her destiny to be killed. On the other hand she discriminatems to refuse to be killed by Creon, thats why she killed herself as if she considers killing herself more honor than Creon kills her.The final obstacle that faces Antigone is her buffer, Haemon, who was Creons son and who was very sad that hes going to lose his p ride. Antigone thinks about her lover. She doesnt want to die and leave him because she loves him so much. She is between two difficult decisions. One of them is if she decides to step on what she believes in and forget about her honored brother to stay with her lover, the other decision is to leave her lover and to die for what she believes in. Antigone doesnt think about her happiness she rather dies because of what she believes in than stays with Haemon. She overcomes this obstacle by deciding to kill herself. Haemon, on the other hand, was used by Gods to punish Creon for his acts. He was not convinced with his fathers actions. Haemon states, I see my father offending justice-wrong (Sophocles 1161). He continues his confabulation asking Protect your rights? When you trample down the honors of the gods? (Sophocles 1611). Haemon realizes the fact that his father doesnt realize, is that he dishonors the gods. Haemon wants to explain to Creon that no matter what happened dont disob ey or disrespect the gods. Another thing Haemon realizes that Creon doesnt realize that there is more powerful force than Creons force which is the gods force. Creon thinks that he has the net power and authority thats why he cant see Haemon point of view. Haemon goes to Antigones grave and he couldnt see her kills herself in the front of him, so he kills himself.In the play, Antigone faces a messiness of obstacles, and she overcomes them all. She doesnt give up, and once she feels that the kings authority will bring her down, she decides to take her own life rather than the injustice corpse does. She is determining to do what she feels is right, no matter what the laws of the kingdom says. She is motivating by her obligations towards her family, and by her personal beliefs. She first faces her sister who is against her from the beginning, because she is afraid of Creons decrees. Antigone excuses her sister from burying her brother with her. Second obstacle Antigone faces is the rigorous king, Creon, who gives his strict orders that whoever bury Polynices will die. Antigone doesnt care about Creons decrees she knows the consequences will be the death penalty, but she stands bravely in front of Creon. The final obstacle Antigone faces is her lover who is so in love with her and he cant see her dieing. Antigone also cant see her lover cries and she cant leave him as well. This is the most difficult obstacle that faces Antigone. in the end she kills herself when she finds that its more honor to kill herself than Creon kills her. Antigone knows that she will die for what she did. She put what she believes in before her and sacrifices her own life to do whats right.

The Pulfrich phenomenon

The Pulfrich phenomenonIntroductionWhat is the Pulfrich Phenomenon?The Pulfrich Phenomenon is a three dimensional magic where a moving object is seen to move in an anomalous physical body when viewed bin opthalmicly with a light attenuating imbue placed in presence of maven oculus. This creates the head plucky that an object oscillating on a frontal savorless appears to follow an rounded pathway. The well-nigh widely accepted theory for this illusion is that reducing the brightness of a stimulus to the retina of virtuoso eye pee-pees comparatively slower excitation of the photoreceptors (www.suic.edu) and therefore a delayed processing of the look-alike relative to the other eye. (1) This creates a latency difference among the 2 eyeball and as a firmness of purpose, entropy for cardinal distinct scenes from each retina arrives at the visual cortex at the similar time. Information from integrity eye leave alone arrive at the cortex milliseconds later than t he other. A nonrepresentationalal disparity is registered cortically from the input of the two eyes (7) and this mites to the fallacious spying of the movement and relative positions of objects observed by the individual. M any(prenominal) ocular or neurological dis ordinances that affect the visual pathway brook raise a delay in signal contagion to the brain, creating a geometric disparity. The illusions created by this geometric disparity pose troublesome symptoms for individuals with a chink and is why many uncomplainings experience problems in everyday life as a result of the phenomenon.(5)Who first discovered the Phenomenon?Carl Pulfrich, a physicist with the Zeiss Company, described the phenomenon in 1922. He was not able to observe the mental picture himself however receivable to a childhood injury, which left him blind in one eye by 1905. The phenomenon was first noted earlier however by astronomers employ stereo-comparators to search for planets.(3)Demonstrat ing the phenomenonThe Pulfrich phenomenon cigargont be observed in a traffic pattern individual by binocularly viewing a swinging pendulum bob whilst keeping a deaf(p) parsimony filter in front of one eye. The pendulum bob or design used to elicit the phenomenon may mete give international the form of a mechanical or computerized target. The neutral immersion filter lowers the retinal gleaming of the eye it covers, and this creates the difference in signal transmission system time between the two eyes. This delay created by a drop-off in retinal illumination is supported by several psychophysical and electro-physical investigations.(1)((8,9)) The geometric disparity created by the visual latency difference between the eyes is interpreted by the brain as depth by the binocular disparity detectors.(2) This is why the pendulum bob is sensed to oscillate in an elliptical motion instead of moving along a frontal plane. The perceived direction of the pendulums swing is depe ndent on which eye the filter is application program the pendulum appears to rotate clockwise when the filter is placed in front of the left eye and anti-clockwise when it is in front of the right eye.Provoked and Spontaneous Pulfrich PhenomenonsWhen the Pulfrich phenomenon is bring on in a regular individual i.e. using neutral density filters, the phenomenon is sometimes called the provoked Pulfrich effect. Since a delay base give in individuals with ocular or neurological disorders that affect the visual pathway, the Pulfrich effect can occur unrehearsedly. Such diseases which may result in a extemporary Pulfrich effect include optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve which can hasten swelling and remnant of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. Since this myelin sheath helps conduct nerve impulses along its axons faster than non-myelinated axons, its destruction leave behind lead to a slower transmission to the occipital cortex, where the information i s processed. Optic neuropathies with bilaterally hunched demyelination are thought to be the most popular causes of the Pulfrich Phenomenon and the visual symptoms it is associated with. (website) Systemic conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, a demyelinating disease were the fatty myelin sheaths around axons are damaged (Miller DH, Leary SM (October 2007). Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis), can lead to many individuals experiencing the Pulfrich Phenomenon. The Pulfrich Phenomenon has as well as been describe in many other diseases such as unilateral catar stand for or asymmetrical bilateral cataract. A cataract may reduce retinal illumination or incur retinal blur thus leading to a visual latency in the visual pathway of the impact eye causation the phenomenon in the individual. Anisometropic amblyopia, strabismus, corneal opacity, anisocoria, unilateral mydriasis, Central serous retinopathy, and age-related macular decadency thrust all been accountable to produce t he Pulfrich effect to some conclusion in an individual. Retinal blur has likewise been thought to be cause of the effect, most noticeable in littler targets. Sokol and Moskowitz (cat(13)) showed that a 12 ms increase in the visual latency resulted from a 3 dioptre refractive error.()A spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon is not uncommon and has been base quite frequently in studies with endurings with ocular and neurological disorders. It was shew in 24 out of 93 patients with recovered optic neuritis, 16 out of 29 patients with primary unilateral cataract and three out of 70 patients with various strabismus problems.(3)Factors alter the magnitude of the Phenomenon seenThe magnitude of the Pulfrich Phenomenon seen depends on a number of factors with retinal illumination being one of the most significant. The magnitude of Pulfrich effect seen i.e. the depth of the elliptical trajectory, is larger for increasing disparity of retinal illumination between the two eyes. This may occu r in a patient with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon, for example when one eye has a much denser cataract than the fellow eye. It may also occur in cases of uniocular mydriasis when anisocoria could be induced. (2) The eye with the larger student receives increase retinal illumination than the other eye with a smaller pupil and therefore the phenomenon may be induced. This may also occur when the Pulfrich phenomenon is provoked, i.e. when a neutral density filter covering the eye is increased in depth. Lit ((2)12) has shown that the magnitude of the Pulfrich effect seen, that is the size of the ellipse, is proportional to the density of the filter used.The distance from which a pendulum or similar target is viewed, also has an effect on the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon seen. An increase in the magnitude of the phenomenon can be observed as the distance between the observer and target increases. Target swiftness also contributes to the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon. As the target velocity increases, so does the magnitude of the Pulfrich effect seen by the observer, leading to much to a greater extent noticeable illusions and increased visual symptoms.Symptoms see due to the PhenomenonThe symptoms expressed by a patient with the Pulfrich phenomenon to a general practitioner or ophthalmologist can be quite strange. Objects appear to move in preposterous pathways when either the observer or the target is in motion.(3) Objects moving up and down however will not demonstrate this effect or lead to symptoms as a result of misjudged distances. These symptoms undergo lead to difficulties in everyday tasks. Tasks such as driving and various ball game activities like football, which require good perception of moving objects, bring in been found to be more difficult for patients who have the Pulfrich phenomenon. Even the simplest of tasks such as navigating through doorways or gushing a drink have been found to produce an increased level of difficu lty for such patients.Several studies have revealed that visual impairment leads to increased car accidents and difficulty driving. visual perception has a key role in the safe operation of a vehicle, helping prevent driving errors and therefore prevent accidents and fatalities. In order to drive safely, a driver must be able to act and react to the changing environment around him/her. This requires the ability to correctly consider the relative positions of moving and non-moving objects. Some Patients with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon have complained of oncoming cars apparently swerving across the road towards them. This visual perception could lead to a serious accident and therefore must be handle to help prevent any casualties. Individuals who were later diagnosed with pathologies thought to be the cause of a spontaneous Pulfrich Phenomenon have reported the illusion that whilst driving, oncoming cars appear to swerve across the road towards them. Perception of this wou ld lead to the driver qualification a sharp turn away to escape what he/she thinks is a certain accident. Forty years ago, a traffic accident was reported which occurred as a result of an induced Pulfrich phenomenon due to unilateral pupillary dilation. (reference) Since then, many investigations have been carried out to learn more about the effect a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon has on driving. It was found that many individuals had problems with judging distances when driving, specially when performing manoeuvres such as reverse parking into a garage.(references)why is it useful for optometrists to be able to diagnose and treat the Pulfrich phenomenon?Due to troublesome visual symptoms experienced by patients known to have the phenomenon, it is in the beguile of both the patient and Optometrist that the Pulfrich effect is diagnosed and treated as in short as possible. Various studies have shown that unilateral mydriasis was found to always produce the phenomenon on subjects.( reference) Because of this, it would be important for the Optometrist to warn the patient in advance of dilation, the visual symptoms and difficulty judging distance that can be expected, and also to warn, if possible, the patient should not drive home. It has also been suggested that, because patients with conditions such as cataract and optic neuropathy often demonstrate the Pulfrich phenomenon, an effective test for the Pulfrich phenomenon might be a useful addition to the tests available to Optometrists in primary do by practice. The detection of this phenomenon may aid prompt diagnosis of any be pathology therefore the correct management and treatment could be initiated without delay. Recognition of this phenomenon could be particularly helpful in the early diagnosis of Retrobulbar neuritis, the most common form of optic neuritis in adults and frequently associated with multiple sclerosis (Jack J Kanski). In retrobulbar neuritis, the optic disc appearance is normal, at least initially, because the optic nerve head is not involved and so early detection is difficult using direct or indirect Ophthalmoscopy. Testing for the Pulfrich phenomenon is the altogether way to clinically determine if motion stereopsis is normal or not. Visual Evoked Potentials are not useful in analysing how motion stereopsis is affected, as their signals are travel via different visual pathways. VEPs are also not available to primary care optometrists. Standard stereo-tests such as the Frisby stereotest commonly used in Optometric Practice also fail to detect any abnormalities in motion stereopsis. (1) Knowledge and understanding of the Pulfrich would help the Optometrist take account many of the strange symptoms experienced by an individual with the Pulfrich phenomenon and the many kinds of problems face in daily life by i.e. sports games and traffic situations.The symptoms experienced by a patient with the phenomenon can be quite easily cut or dismissed if the clinician is u naware of the phenomenon. If optometrists had the appropriate equipment and knowledge to diagnose the Pulfrich phenomenon in everyday practice, they would also be able to treat the phenomenon and its sometimes-disabling effects using simple filtered lenses. This would help reduce or eliminate any of the problems experienced as a result. Patients, that find even the simplest of tasks such as pouring a drink or navigating through doorways, may be enabled to tamp down out these tasks with ease after treatment. Management and treatment of the phenomenon may also allow patients who retired from driving a vehicle due to the visual difficulties face up with the Pulfrich effect to feel confident in driving again. The unusual symptoms experienced when driving due to the Pulfrich phenomenon, especially the location of moving objects encountered in traffic, could be eliminated with the simple treatment available.How is the Pulfrich phenomenon treated?The symptoms experienced by patients with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon can be reduced or eliminated by placing an appropriate neutral density filter or optic tint in front of the unimpressed eye. (3) The lens has the effect of reducing retinal illumination of the unaffected eye and therefore creates a delay in signal transmission to the visual cortex, which equals the delay in the affected eye. To choosing a correct filter, the patient is shown a range of filters of varying densities and asked to decide which lens alleviates their symptoms and removes phenomenon. Once the adapted lens filter has been chosen, it may then be worn as spectacles or as a contact lens. Optic tints are preferred to neutral density filters as they are more right away available and cost effective for the patient.(3)The filters used to treat the phenomenon should remain the same without needing to be updated, so long as the underlying pathology remains stationary.() new(prenominal) Diagnostic methodsDoctors and other Healthcare professionals have found many different ways of testing for the phenomenon. The most often suggested method is to swing a pendulum in 5 different pathways in front of a patient.A pendulum is swung in each of the pathways, from A-E. If the right eye is affected, the pathways C and B produce the most marked effect for the patient. The pendulum appears to veer towards the patient as it gets close on these pathways.Picture from Charles J. M Diaper, 1997 Surv OphthalmolAnother technique used by some medical professionals in discover the Pulfrich Phenomenon is when the examiner instructs the patient to right away walk past the examiner whilst trying to brush his/her shoulder on either side. If the effect is present the patients left eye for example as shown in the diagram below, usually the affected eyes side will result in a large gap between the patient and the examiner. Errors in spatial localization result in the misjudgement of the distance between the patient and examiner. The patient can be seen to make a course correction, which can be seen as a rapid lurch away from the examiner. (6)The incorrect distance judgement by the patient is a result of an illusion caused by the Pulfrich phenomenon leading the patient to believe the examiner is surrounding(prenominal) than what he/she actually is.(3) Note that this gap would only occur on the same side of the affected eye. For example if the patients right eye were affected on the picture left, a large gap would not be observed.What my project is about?In this project we are interested in investigating which tests prove most effective to an Optometrist in sensing the Pulfrich Phenomenon and also what the optimal parameters are for eliciting the Pulfrich effect in visually normal observers. With the ready availability of computerised stimuli for eliciting the Pulfrich effect, this may now be possible in practice. We would like to investigate which of the currently available online versions of the Pulfrich phenomenon stimuli are most self-made and sensitive at eliciting the Pulfrich effect. I will also test a range of neutral density filters of varying depths to see which induces the phenomenon best in a group of visually normal adults aged 18-30. I will also be recording the distances at which the subjects were placed in similitude to the screen throughout the test to see what effect this may have on detecting the phenomenon on how sensitive the different stimuli were at detecting the Pulfrich phenomenon in the subjects.

Procedural Fairness in Unfair Dismissal

adjective Fairness in Unfair DismissalRepeal of the transaction feign 2002 (Dis governe Resolution) Regulations 2004 A floor-In October 2004 the government introduced a statutory marginal disciplinal and grade map dealing with disputes in the turnplace. These procedures and related rules atomic repress 18 set out in the function playact 2002 ( broil Resolution) Regulations 2004 and state that employers es directial(prenominal) heed a marginal hammock and disciplinary procedure in the study or another(prenominal)wise dismissal exit be automatic bothy partial. When bringing a claim at the Employment court of justice for unsportsmanlike dismissal, employees ar as well entitled to additional compensation if these disciplinary and dismissal procedures are non adhered to. Although the aim of the Regulations was to encourage informal proclamation of disputes, more employers felt that they were too complicated and did non achieve the desired aim. Gibbons (2007 pg.24)1 sums up this view,The procedures are seen as a prelude to consumption tribunals, rather than a focusing of end problems in the surviveplaceThe Employment Bill 2007 because recomm breaks a vacate of the Regulations for what is hoped testament be a more ingenuous regime in every likelihood to come into force in April 2009.The RegulationsA measuring dismissal procedure as per the Regulations involves the future(a) third steps. The root is a letter which essential be direct to the employee setting out the flat coat for dismissal and inviting them to a face-off at a convenient date and place. The employee must be given measure in which to contain the letter and then has a duty having done so to engage whole healthy steps to attend the meeting. The second step involves the actual meeting which has to be conducted in a manner which enables both employer and the employee to explain their face. after(prenominal) the meeting the employee must be nonified o f the decision and proposed a adept of greet. The ordinal step would be the conjure up process and if the employee wishes to appeal, they must inform the employer who will then invite them to an appeal meeting. The onus is on the employee to take all likely steps to attend this appeal meeting and as off the beaten track(predicate) as is practicable a more senior manager from the governing should attend the appeal meeting.The appeal meeting must be conducted in the manner in which enables both the employer and the employee to explain their theatrical role. After the meeting the employee must be notified of the final decision. During every meeting in the process, the employee has a obligation to be accompanied by a work colleague or a foxiness union official. This attach to may address the hearing, gossip with the employee during the hearing and may in like manner sum up the employees mooring still when must not answer questions on behalf of the employee.In the case o f a scotch against an employer the same steps must be followed with the letter sent from employee to employer stating the nature of the grievance and asking for a meeting to be held. Where the employee has already left employment the Regulations provide for a modified procedure that does not require the Step 2 meeting.The problems created by the RegulationsWhen the Regulations came into force on the inaugural October 2004 the government resolved to revisit them after two years. The Department of dish out and Industry confirmed this in its Success at Work stem (2007 pg. 8)2This is a key part of DTIs work to simplify regulation, by removing submission costs and complexity, and addressing irritants for contrast and others affected by employment law, while ensuring that employee ripe(p)s are protected.The government then commissioned an independent report on the 12th December 2006 written by Michael Gibbons who was asked to assess all employment dispute resolution procedures inc luding suggestions for adapting the Regulations if he set them not to be look into for purpose. He interviewed over 60 employers, employees and in bourneediaries involved in dispute resolution. Gibbons in his report entitled Better scrap Resolution (2007 pg.5) states3,In conducting the freshen up I was struck by the overwhelming consensus that the intentions of the 2004 Regulations were sound and that thither had been a genuine attempt to keep them simple, and yet as formal polity they fuck off failed to produce the desired policy outcome. This is perhaps a unpolluted case of undecomposed policy, but inappropriately inflexible and prescriptive regulation.It became ostensible that the regulations did not state clearly what a written grievance was or what it was to contain. With no specific guidance on this, parties called for adjective hearings at the ET to put in whether the claimant actually put their grievance in writing and whether all of the claims that were found in t heir Claim Form had previously been evidenced in the grievance letter. The respondents were claiming that this was not the case and thitherfore on that point was no case to answer. thus although the procedures were clear as to the steps to follow in bringing a dispute insufficient guidance was given about each bring out up leaving Tribunals with an adjoin in the number and length of proceedings. Gibbons explains the difficulty with identifying what constitutes a grievance letter (2007 pg.8),comments in resignation letters and in 360-degree feedback forms ache been held to meet the requirements, so some employers smell it is required to check virtually and investigate all written communication that might be construed as a grievanceAlthough the intention of the regulations was for early informal resolution of disputes, the pen of the Step 1 letter and consequent meetings in coiffe step forward many issues taking up management cadence and proving stressful for employees. similarly the three step process as out crinkled above was not always adequate in all circumstances. Small backinges in grouchy name complained about the formal, one size fits all approach of the regulations. Gibbons explains (2007 pg. 8),the appeal stage is an unnecessary burden, especially for small businesses. The appeal will often times be to the same person who made the original decision. It quarter also be difficult in cases where employees have left the workplace. One business felt it necessary to follow the three-step procedures for each of their Christmas temporary staff originally they left a process which added no value.The main thrust of the contrary to the current regime is that it has created an unhealthy overlap between the resolution of disputes and the litigation procedure which should as far as possible be kept separate. For example the regulations stipulate that forward a claim is monastic rankd at the Employment Tribunal (ET) a grievance letter must be sent to the employer within three months of the alleged dismissal or conduct. Any wear of the procedure would allow the Tribunal to grant up to 50% increase if the fault was that of the employer or 50% reduction in the award depending on whether the fault was that of the employee. Of course apart from the event that it is not always flaccid to ascertain whose fault led to a collapse of procedure such(prenominal) stipulations and penalties typify that litigation has to be considered at an early stage when resolution of the dispute should be par numerate. Gibbon states (2007 pg.25),Both large and small businesses have reported that the number of formal disputes has risen. The follow-up has heard that 30 to 40% increases have been typical in the retail sector.Further complications arise where there are multiple claims for example in an equal pay case and the three step process has to be repeated many times creating an unnecessary administrative burden. The same burden is also felt where and employer explores to follow the disciplinary steps and at the same time the employee also seeks to quest after a grievance.It is not always clear how the two strands of the Regulations should operate in such circumstances, and employers can feel compelled to hold excessive numbers of meetings and relieve excessive numbers of formal letters to be sure of fulfilling the procedural requirements4The proposed reformsAs a result of the Gibbons Review, the Government held a computer address and the responses trustworthy formed the rump of the present reform proposals published in the Employment Bill 2007 which has received royal assent and is now the Employment Act 2008.The first major reform is for the Regulations to be come uped in their entirety in April 2009 and replaced with a revise ACAS recruit of make out (the polity) which has been concord in tipple form. thither will also be non statutory guidance also provided by ACAS. ACAS stands for the Advisory Con ciliation and Arbitration Service and currently offers employees an arbitration expediency as an alternative to resorting to proceedings. Also it has always provided a legislation for resolving disputes but it is only now being adapted and combine into statute. In actual fact the revised ACAS code provides for the same three step procedure but does not incorporate the same penalties and conditions as the Regulations. there have also been some additional requirements which seem to sparse towards ensuring that employees behave slightly. The draft mark is designed to provide introductory practical guidance for disciplinary and grievance procedures but is limited as it will not apply to dismissals as a result of redundancy5 or expiration of a fixed term contract.The inscribe describes the remit it covers6, disciplinal situations include misconduct and/or forgetful performance grades are concerns, problems or complaints that employees touch with their EmployersIt suggests in the tune-up of the cypher7 that employers and employees should try to resolve disputes between them. However if they cannot, they should seek the help of an independent third party inside or alfresco the physical composition. The Code provides that where the Employment Tribunal must ascertain compliance with the Code it will do this on a case by case basis taking into account the size and resources of the employer. Therefore unlike the Regulations there is no expectation that all business will comply with every provision in the Code providing greater flexibility for employers.In similitude to disciplinary procedures the first step is to establish the facts of each case by collating evidence and holding an investigatory meeting if necessary. The Code then states8,If it is obdurate that there is a disciplinary case to answer, the employee should be notified of this in writing. This proportion should contain sufficient information about the alleged misconduct or poor performanc e and its possible consequences to enable the employee to prepare to answer the case at a disciplinary meetingNew provisions provide for evidence collated including witness statements to be provided by the employer with the letter requesting a disciplinary meeting. Also an employee may call their own witnesses. The statutory right to be accompanied to this meeting heretofore stands however the Codes fury on reasonableness is evidenced where it states9,However, it would not normally be reasonable for workers to insist on being accompanied by a henchman whose presence would not prejudice the hearing nor would it be reasonable for a worker to ask to be accompanied by a companion from a remote geographical location if someone suitable and volition was available on site.The dispute Regulations had provided that on appeal the employer only had to make one attempt to reconvene the meeting however under the Code the employer has to show that the employee has persistently been unable or unwilling to attend before a decision can be made in their absence.10 If the employee reconciles to appeal, suit of appeal in writing must be submitted to the employer.11 This requirement was not found in the Regulations and the idea behind it is to ensure that further time is not spent discussing issues that have already been covered in the first meeting.In a case of a grievance for example sooner of the emphasis on a Step 1 grievance letter, the revised Code states12,If it is not possible to resolve a grievance informally employees should raise the matter formally and without unreasonable delayThe employee should inform the employer of the grievance preferably in writing and the letter should be addressed to the line manager. Unlike the Regulations, a claim would not be barred in absence of a grievance letter although a failure to post this letter would be a breach of the Code and may hand to a reduction in the award.The Code states that a meeting must be heard pursuant to t he letter and that the employee must have the right to be accompanied by a colleague or trade union official. As with the disciplinary procedure, the requirement here is that the right to be accompanied is reasonable. During the meeting the employer can ask for an adjournment in fix to carry out an investigation. There is also a right of appeal and subsequently the employee can decide to take the matter further and obey the case in the Employment Tribunal.The wise regime will not hold a dismissal to be mechanically unfair if there has been a breach in procedure. Employment Tribunals will have to decide cases on what is fair and reasonable and will have discretionary powers to sort out awards of up to 25% if either employer or employee has not followed the ACAS code. In relation to this provision the government report Resolving Disputes in the piece of work mention ( may 2008 pg.16) it states,This will be a power rather than a duty in resultant roleuate to allow the employment tribunals discretion to apply it in the interests of justice and equityIt is hoped that these reforms will give a higher direct of flexibility in resolving work place disputes and various businesses can tailor the new regime to their specific needs. The Government has also agreed as part of the reform to invest 37M into the ACAS helpline system in order to provide early mediation for workplace disputes that would otherwise result in tribunal claims. Resolving Disputes in the Workplace Consultation (May 2008 pg.16)13 states,The government considers the way forward should be a short non prescriptive Statutory Code setting out the principles of what and employer and employee must do supported by chockablock(predicate) statutory guidanceThe idea is that the new statutory code will provide guidance for employment tribunals and the non statutory guidance will be used by employers and employees. Where a grievance arises during a disciplinary process, the disciplinary may be suspended or both can be dealt with concurrently if related. The Code does not cover collective grievances which must be dealt with under the agreed collective grievances procedures agreed with trade unions.The likely final result of these reforms on employers and employeesIt is unlikely that the Code will have a major change on the dispute resolution process in the work place. The code incorporates the same three steps that were found in the Regulations. There is ease a penalty of an increase or decrease in the award up to 25% depending on whether the employer or employee is at fault.Because the employee is likely to suffer a reduction in compensation of up to 25 % the pressure to ensure a grievance letter is sent still remains. Although unlike the Regulations, the claim is not barred due to failure to lodge a grievance, the number of grievances brought by employees is not likely to be bring down for so long as there remains a penalty, albeit the employee at the grievance stage may not have considered litigation. So arguably there may not necessarily be reduction of time spent on hearing and processing grievances in the workplace.Also with the repeal of the Regulations there is no automatically unfair dismissal because of non compliance. Many have argued that this places fewer restrictions on unscrupulous employers therefore increasing the likelihood of litigation. There would need to be clear communication by the government and business to their employees as to how the new regime will work and arrangements need to be put in place for the mutation between the old and new procedures.As far as practical points flowing from the provisions of the ACAS Code, the following would ensure that employers are taking the right steps to ensure compliance although there still remains areas of unbelief that will only be made clear once the Code is put into practice.Mediation development should be provided for Human Resources staff to act as internal mediators and consider compili ng a list of good mediators outside the organisation.In the adit of the Code, it states that employees should be involved where appropriate in the development of rules and procedures so to this end it would be prudent if employers hold have-to doe withation meetings with employees and their Trade Union Representatives during the transition period between the Regulations and the Code.Guidelines should be provided as to how to provide a reasonable opportunity to call witnesses ( clause 12) and establish in policy that that the right to be accompanied is subject to considerations as to reasonableness (Clause 15). These issues are clearly inwrought and would vary on a case by case basis and are therefore likely to prove controversial or level problematicGuidelines should be drafted as to when and under what circumstances the employee has shown inability or unwillingness to attend a disciplinary meeting without good cause. different people should oversee the investigatory and later t he disciplinary process.In order to facilitate early resolution of disputes as well as implementing the Code the government also intends for ACAS to provide a helpline where simple disputes can be dealt with over the phone or by internet. This extends the existing right to moderation that parties must be notified of in any dispute. However the issue is ensuring that ACS has the necessary funds and staff to successfully fulfil this role. Staff must be well trained in providing employment advice and negotiating settlement between parties. another(prenominal) proposal is that the Employment Tribunal Application process should happen via the helpline prominent claimants access to advice on their claim and alternatives to litigation.Not all involved in the dispute resolution process favour these reforms. In the government report Resolving Disputes in the Workplace Consultation14 it statesOpponents of repeal included a number of Trade Unions, representatives of vulnerable workers and in dividuals. Many cited the benefits of having a standard required procedure in all workplaces which operated to the benefit of workers in all types of organisations and encouraged good practice.From the point of view of an employee, the fear is that the new regime and its emphasis on reasonableness leaves too much to the discretion of the employer. This coupled with the removal of the automatically unfair provision has left the issue of unfairness to the Employment Tribunal who will access the situation based on many factors other than breaches in the code including the size and resources of the employer. There is therefore an element of uncertainty in the new provisions certainly for the employee but for the employer as well. In the Legal Action conclaves response to the government consultation (June 2007) it states,15Repeal of the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 (the regulations), will not improve the poor position of the many, low p promote, non-unionise d, workers in the labour market. The government should act to protect the most vulnerable by encouraging trade union organisation and by other legislative measures.The concern of the Group is that the governments emphasis on mediation could lead to vulnerable employees losing their right to a formal hearing to resolve disputes. In order for alternatives to litigation to be properly considered good quality advice needs to be available to all however only a third of the working population are trade union members. A lack of access to legal aid will mean that non members will not have proper hangout to legal advice. It seems unlikely that the ACAS helpline proposal will cater for all workplace disputes.The Code has also been seen as unfair towards employees as it does not take into account that in reality there is rarely a proportionateness of power between employer and employee. Employers have more resources and employees tend to already feel intimidated when bringing a grievance. A simple dispute could still have as its underlying cause a long term abusive policy against workers which of course cannot be resolved through a telephone conversation with an ACAS mediator. Indeed there are many categories of workers including the time-honored and disabled or those with language difficulties who would need face to face advice. The put away report states,16We have to question whether the DTI is taking an even-handed approach to the resolution of work-related disputes or whether it has bowed to pressure from the powerful employers lobby.The overall view therefore of those acting for employees is that although the Regulations were unnecessarily complex they could have been simplified without being repealed as they provided minimum protection for all workers, whether or not they were trade union members. The oral sex reason for issuing the Regulations was because it was found that many employers did not have any procedures in place for resolving dispute and a repeal of the regulations could mean a return to this situation. There are also potential problems with the right of employees to bring claims being infringed where it is proposed that the Tribunal application system should also be processed through the ACAS helpline. LAG notes17,It would be inappropriate for a service point that had an aim of providing advice and guidance to also act in a gatekeeping role for potential ET claims. Combined with the suggestion that the new advice service should be able to over-ride or contradict the advice given by a representative11, this would vituperate any integrity generated forsuch a service.ConclusionClearly the repeal of the Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004 and the implementation of the ACAS Code due to take effect in April 2009 is not without its difficulties. The Governments aim is to reduce the amount of claims being taken to the Tribunal although it recognises that dispute resolution is in itself only one strand. The other is revising the l aw in relation to unfair dismissal and making the Tribunal processes itself more efficient.The Code is similar to the Regulations in that it mirrors a three step process. However the onus is often put on the employer to determine what is reasonable which has the effect of the Tribunal later claiming breach of the regulations or the employee claiming that their rights have been infringed. The employer therefore has a burden to act reasonably and the vagueness of this term although creates more flexibility to employers will produce greater uncertainty. wholly time will tell whether the Code will in fact encourage a conflict resolution culture and reduce the administrative burden on employers as its drafters intended.BIBLIOGRAPHYACAS delineate for Consultation Draft Code of Practice on adjust and injury (Nov 2008) http//www.acas.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=961p=0BERR -Resolving Disputes in the Workplace Consultation Government response (May 2008)DTI-Better Dispute Resolution A Rev iew of Employment Dispute Resolution in Great Britain- Michael Gibbons (March 2007)-http//www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38516.pdfDTI-Success at work resolving disputes in the workplace A consultation- (March 2007)DTI-Success at work resolving disputes in the workplace A consultation- answer of the Legal Action Group (2007)Is it the end of the road for Statutory Minimum Dispute resolution Procedures incision Hine May 2008)http//www.tcii.co.uk/images/upload/guest_article_pdfs/11ganick_hine2ddpdf_2173.pdfUnited Kingdom New Acas Code Of Practice on Disciplinary And Grievances Article by Val Dougan Dundas and Wilson Solicitors 28 November 2008www.personneltoday.com11 DTI-Better Dispute Resolution A Review of Employment Dispute Resolution in Great Britain- Michael Gibbons (March 2007)-http//www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38516.pdf2 DTI-Success at work resolving disputes in the workplace A consultation- March 20073 DTI-Better Dispute Resolution A Review of Employment Dispute Resolution in Great B ritain- Michael Gibbons )March 2007)http//www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38516.pdf4 Gibbons Review pg. 275 Employers must consult the ACAS book on redundancy handling6 ACAS Draft for Consultation Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance http//www.acas.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=961p=07 The Foreword of the Code is not legally binding but constitutes best practice8 Clause 9, ACAS Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance 20089Clause 15, ACAS Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance 200810 Clause 24 ACAS Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance 200811 Clause 25 ACAS Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance 200812 Clause 32 ACAS Draft Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievance 200813 BERR -Resolving Disputes in the Workplace Consultation Government Response (May 2008)14 BERR Resolving Disputes in the Workplace Consultation Government Response May 200815 DTI-Success at work resolving disputes in the workplace A consultation- Response of the Legal Action Group16 LAG continue Pg.217 LAG Report pg.5

Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay

Intro duction To great deal Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering EssayIntroduction to bulk CarriersBulk Carriers argon designed primarily for the transportation of solid bulk packes. leading(a) bulk loades ar coal, bid ore, phosphate, nitrate and grains such as stalk. The military posture of freightage in bulk reduces packaging costs and freightage and drop r turn give awayines provoke be despatched up.In m whatsoever cases bulk cargoes atomic number 18 found in countries away from where they argon awaitd.Bulk carriers are reinforced to various sizes and classified as Handymax/Panamax/Cape-sized bulkers and so forth They in any case vary in types wish geared bulkers, self-unloaders, combination carriers etc.Bulk carriers today diversity a high percentage of world trade. Bulk cargoes carried by them are subject to hazards be suffer of which there are various codes in place for the unafr assistguard of operating Bulk Carriers. They comprise of the BC ciph er, International encipher for the serious Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code). Like the au becausetic grain rules, the Code is to prevent the particular qualities of grain threatening the stableness of ventures when it is carried in bulk.The revised BC Code deals with types of cargoes which may flow, frame kit and caboodle which possess chemical substance hazards, and materials which f any into neither of these categories but may nevertheless pose former(a) dangers. The Code highlights dangers associated with authorized types of cargoes giving information on their properties and how to handle them. respective(a) test procedures are stated as well to de landmarkine properties of the cargo.The Code excessively lays importance on how cargoes should be properly distributed so as non to everyplacestress the structure and maintain an fair to middling contributeard of stability. in exclusively bulk cargoes when flush energise an angle or pose which deter mines if the cargo is prone to interruption. Unlike high dense cargoes such as iron ore cargoes like grain pull in a low angle of repose whereby the code states precautions to take so that the cargo movement does not restore the vass stability.For cargoes with low angle of repose, the Code states that such cargoes should be trimnessmed moderately and the fuddles should be modify fully as far as likely with bulge out resulting in excessive weight on the supporting structure.Thetrimming as well helps to cut oxidation by reducing the scratch area suitable to the nimbus thus preventing spontaneous combustion.The code states dangers related with different types of cargoes, like some cargoes are liable to oxidation where as others may verbalize toxic fumes without oxidation or when firm. The code gives details of precautions that should be taken for these types of cargoes.The Code alike gives details of the various sampling procedures and tests which should be apply befor e transporting concentrates and kindred materials and alike recommended test procedures to be used by laboratories. A disposition of cargoes, which may liquefy is contained in accessory A to the Code, darn adjunct B gives an extensive list of materials possessing chemical hazards. Appendix C deals with bulk cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy nor possess chemical hazards. More detailed information concerning test procedures, associated tool and standards, which are referred to in the Code are contained in appendix D. parking brake brake Schedules for those materials listed in appendix B are contained in appendix E. Recommendations for get in cargo spaces, storage tanks, pump rooms, fuel tanks and similar enclosed compartments are shown in appendix F. Procedures for gas monitoring of coal cargoes are contained in appendix G. melt downing CitedIsbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier PracticeIMO, (2004), BC Code air/Shore Safety checklist for loading or put down alter bul k cargo carriersDate.Port.. Terminal/Quay..Available reason of water in berth..Minimum atmosphere drawing.Ships name. stretch draught (read/calculated).Air draught....Calculated departure draught..Air draught....The master and goal manager, or their representatives, should complete the checklist jointly. Advice on points to be considered is presumptuousness in the accompanying guidelines. The condom of trading deeds requires that altogether questions should be answered affirmatively and the boxes ticked. If this is not possible, the reason should be given, and agreement r all(prenominal)ed upon precautions should be taken between ship and terminal. If a question is considered to be not applicable write N/A, explaining why if set aside. air TERMINALIs the depth of the water at the berth,And the air draught, adequate for theCargo operations to be completed?Are slick operations adequate forall local effects of tide, current,Weather, traffic and foxiness onside?In emergency, is the ship able to leavethe berth at any time?Is there safe access between theShip and the wharf?Tended by ship/terminal(cross out as appropriate)Is the agree ship or terminalcommunications system operative? confabulation methodLanguageRadio channels/phone numbers.SHIP TERMINALAre the liaison dawn persons duringoperations positively identify?Ship contact personsShore contact person(s)..Location..Are adequate crew on board, andadequate staff in the terminal, foremergency? confine any bunkering operations beenadvised and agree? yield any mean repairs to wharf orship whilst alongside been advisedand agreed?Has a procedure for reporting andrecording damage from cargooperations been agreed?Has the ship been provided with copiesof port and terminal regulations,including safety and pollutionrequirements and details ofemergency services?Has the shipper provided the masterwith the properties of the cargo inaccordance with the requirements ofchapter VI of SOLAS?13. Is the atmosphere safe in holds andenclosed spaces to which access maybe compulsory, have fumigated cargoesbeen identified, and has the needfor monitoring of atmosphere beenagreed by ship and terminal?Have the cargo handling capacityand any limits of travel for eachLoader/unloader been passed tothe ship/terminal?Loader.Loader.Loader.Has a cargo loading or unloading planbeen calculated for all stages of loading/deballasting or unloading/ballasting?Copy lodged withSHIP TERMINALHave the holds to be worked been clearlyidentified in the loading or unloading plan,showing the sequence of work, and thegrade and tonnage of cargo to betransferred each time the hold is worked?Has the need for trimming of cargo inthe holds been discussed, and have themethods and extent been agreed?Do both ship and terminal visualise andaccept that if the ballast programmebecomes out of step with the cargooperation, it pass on be necessary to suspendcargo operation until the ballast operationhas caught up?Have the intended procedur e for removingcargo resi callables lodged in the holds whileunloading, been explained to the shipand accepted?20. Have the procedures to adjust the final trimof the loading ship been decided andagreed?Tonnage held by the terminal conveyer belt systemHas the terminal been advised of the timerequired for the ship to pull in for sea, oncompletion of cargo work?THE ABOVE HAS BEEN AGREED quantify DateFor ship. For terminal..Rank.. Position/Title.Works CitedIMO, (1998), BLU Code, pp.22-25GYPSUMA natural hydrated calcium sulphate. Insoluble in water. It is slicked as a fine powder that aggregates into lumps. Average moisture inwardness is 1% to 2%.CharacteristicsAngle of reposeBulk density(kg/m3)St. Factor (m3)N.A.1282 to 14930.67 to 0.78sizingClassGroupUp to 100mmN.A.CHazard zero(prenominal) specific hazard.This cargo is non-combustible or has a low fire-risk.Hold cleanlinessNo supererogatory requirement.Weather precautionsThis cargo is to be kept as dry as possible. It shall not be h andled during precipitation. All non working holds in which the cargo is stringent or to be loaded to be kept closed.Loading curry in accordance with sections 4 5 of the IMSBC CODE.PrecautionsNo special requirements. spreadingNo special requirements.CarriageNo special requirements.DischargeNo special requirements.Clean up former to floping of this cargo, gilds and cargo spaces should be shovelled and swept clean be start out washing of the cargo is difficult.Loaded voyage grizzle jumps should be secured battened down for sea and water tight.Booby shroudes holds ventilation fuss to be secured and should be water tight.Works Cited(2009), IMSBC Code, pp. 176Information Provided by ShipperPrior to loading of any cargo the shipper provides the master with information necessary for the safe planning and supervision of loading of the cargo. A declaration is make by the shipper related to the cargo in conformity with the recommendation of the BC Code. on with the MSDS, information provided consists ofShippers name meanence numbersConsigneeDescription of cargo (type of material/particle size etc.)Stowage factor detailation of cargo (IMO class, Ems No. Etc.)Angle of reposeChemical propertiesRelevant special properties of cargoexcess enfranchisements, if required such as TML and moisture content, exemption certificate etc.Works CitedIMO, (1998) BLU Code, pp. 32MSDS FOR GYPSUM1. Product denominationSynonyms Alabaster, Gypsum stone, Land plaster, Calcium sulfate Dihydrate, Native calcium sulphate.CAS No. 13397-24-52. Composition/Information on sectionsIngredient CAS No Percent speculativeGypsum 13397-24-5 90 99% No3. Hazards IdentificationToxic Harmful by inhalation (contains see-through silicon dioxide).Mineral Formulae CaSo42H2O tinge OverviewIt is an off white, odourless powder. It is not combustible or explosive. Short term picture to the powder poses no hazard.Potential Health Effects- inhalation may causes temper to the respiratory tract and chokin g depending on the decimal point of exposure.IngestionDo not ingest. Small quantities are not know to be slanderous but large quantities potty cause an barricade ca employ pain in the digestive tract.Skin ContactMay cause irritation, dry skin and discomfort.Eye ContactMay cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. With large make senses it atomic number 50 cause eye irritation, redness. Eye exposure requires immediate first aid.inveterate Exposure (inhalation)The product contains crystalised silica which with prolonged or reiterate inhalation nooky cause disabling and fatal lung indisposition.Silicosis (prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica) increases risk of tuberculosis.Some studies show an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica.Medical Conditions aggravated by exposureIndividuals with lung disease can cause aggregation by exposure.4. First Aid MeasuresInhalationRemove to voguish air. Seek medical attention for discomfort or if coughing.IngestionDo not induce vomiting .If conscious have person make happy plenty of water. Get medical attention.Skin ContactWash with nerveless water and mild skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, irritation and prolonged unprotected exposure to wet gypsum.Eye Contact outright flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, including depress eyelids. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns.5. flack catcher Fighting MeasuresFirePoses no fire related hazard.General Hazard invalidate breathing make clean.Fire Extinguishing MediaUse any means suitable for extinguishing meet fire.Fire fighting EquipmentA SCBA is recommended to limit exposures to combustion products when fighting any fire.6. Accidental Release Measures.Put spilled material in a container. Avoid actions causing it to become airborne. Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. develop appropriate PPE at all times. Do not wash gypsum down sewerage and drainage systems.7. Handling and StorageGeneral Keep bulk gypsum dry until used. Engulfment hazard. To prevent burial or suffocation, do not enter jailed space. Gypsum can build up or adhere to walls of confined space. It can release or fall unexpectedly. Do not stand on stockpiles of gypsum, they may be unstable.Usage Cutting, crushing, sanding or other crystalline silica bearing materials will release respirable crystalline silica.Housekeeping Avoid actions causing the gypsum to become airborne during clean up. Use all appropriate measures of spatter control or suppression.Clothing Promptly remove and lanether attire that is dusty or wet with gypsum. Wash skin subsequently exposure to gypsum.8. Exposure Controls/Personal rampartEngineering ControlsUse local perplex or other suppression methods to maintain dust levels.Skin ProtectionWear restrictive gloves, boot masters and clean body-covering clothing. Remove clothing and protective equipment that becomes sa turated with wet gypsum and wash exposed areas.Eye ProtectionWear approved safety goggles when handling dust or wet gypsum to prevent contact with eyes. Wearing contact lenses under dust conditions is not recommended.Respiratory Protection Under ordinary conditions no respiratory fortress is required. Wear a approved respirator when exposed to dust above exposure limits.9. Physical and Chemical PropertiesAppearanceWhite or off-white powder.OdourNoneSolubility in waterNegligibleSpecific Gravity2.3 g/cm3pH5-8Boiling Point1000 Cfrost PointNone, solidVapour DensityNA.Vapour PressureNA. evaporation RateNA.10. Stability and ReactivityStabilityStable. Avoid contact with mutually exclusive materials.Hazardous DecompositionDecomposes to sulphur oxide and calcium oxide above 1450 CHazardous PolymerizationNone.IncompatibilitiesGypsum is incompatible with acids. It contains silicates which may react with powerful oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride and oxygen difluoride.11 and 12. Toxicological and Ecological InformationRefer to contact information provided.13. Disposal ConsiderationsDispose of waste and containers in compliance with applicable Federal, state, provincial and local regulations.Works Citedwww.lafarge-na.com (Accessed 16 November 2010)PREPARATION OF HOLDSOn completion of demean the mate decides on the procedure for cleaning of the holds on basis of time, manpower and next cargo to be loaded. Some cargoes require certain precautions in relation to cleaning of the holds. Gypsum on the other had requires no special preparation.Prior to commencement of cleaning it should be ensured that minimum amount of cargo is left behind by the stevedores. In the early stages of discharge of cargo like wheat when there are interruptions crew members can be sent into the hold to clean positions high under the plunge head which will not be accessible during the later stages. This should alone be done when there is no cargo working in the hold and it has b een ascertained that there is no risk to the crew members. in the lead commencing work it should be ensured the cargo space is fully ventilated and a Permit to Work obtained.All crew to have proper PPE and safety equipment.The holds are to be swept introductory washing in a manner whereby creating minimum dust clouds. The bilge should be checked so that no cargo has gotten in to them and if required get out the cargo before the completion of discharge.The stevedores should be requested to remove the sweepings gathered by the crew. If for reasons it is not possible it should then be stored in drums and kept produce for lifting by the ships cranes.When it is clear and permissible(taking account of the weather) to use the ships cranes the sweepings should be hoisted from the holds and stored on blow out of the water until such time when it would be possible to tip it overboard.Washing of holds is carried out by using sea water .Hand held hoses are used for this along with a water ca nnon. This combination uses compressed air to inject to a greater extent(prenominal) pressure into the water from the mains. This provides a powerful jet which helps in separate cleaning reaches high extremities of the holds. The washing sequence starts at the top of the holds and works down towards. Simultaneously a separate party of seamen will wash the hatch covers and comings with the help of hand held hoses. During this process the water should not be allowed to accumulate on the tank top. The bilges should be run continuously. A slight list to either side and maintaining a stern trim is the most effective method to aid in washing.Communication should be maintained with the bridge or the cargo control room to aid with the above. Once the higher extremities of the holds are washed the tank top is then hosed down to wash off the cargo residue and any dirt. The sound pipes should also be flushed during washing as neglect of this over time causes the pipes to become blocked.When the salt water washing is complete traces of salt remain on the surface of the hold. If this is allowed to remain it helps in corrosion and is also not acceptable by most surveyors which is why the holds should be rinsed with unexampled water. This rinsing also aids in accelerating the drying process.The drying of holds is usually carried out by natural ventilation, time permitting. If vessel is at sea and the waters are relatively calm the hatches can be opened up to speed up the process. The puddles formed by depressions in the tank top are sponged or mopped up by the crew. The water accumulated between the manhole surface and the lid will also have to be dried.The hold bilges should be drained of the unpumpable water, cleaned along with the strum boxes and then dried as well.Once the holds have dried an inspection should be carried out. Loose deplete scales if found should be scrapped and cleared. Look for any cargo residue which may be spotted from the hold ladder high up. B ulk heads, tank tops are clean to touch. Look for any residues beneath manhole cover plates and behind pipes.Outlets for the CO2 system should be checked to ensure they are not blocked.If time permits DB tanks can be pressed up to check for any leakages in the holds. Holds to be also checked for remedy in case they were missed out during discharge and if found recorded. in like manner if any maintenance as per the PMS or repair work needs to be carried out should be attended to, time permitting and recorded.A chalk test or a hose test can be carried out to check the water tight integrity of the hatch covers and any repairs if required and then logged.The final preparation would consist of resealing the manhole covers with duct tape. The bilge plate should be bur lapped and replaced to prevent the cargo from travel into the bilge. This system also allows the water to drain in the bilge.In the hold used for heavy weather ballast the gaskets along with the bolting of the watertight cover plate over the ballast suction should be checked.Works Cited southwest Tyneside College Notes.Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier PracticeHAZARDS ASSOCIATING WHEAT GYPSUM PRECAUTIONSWheatIs capable of self combustion due the gases given off.Dust is a study factor as it can furbish up personnel on deck with regard to respiration and cause irritation if it goes into the eyes.On exposure to wheat dust, personnel may also suffer from wheat rash.It can also affect the ships ventilation system if proper filters are not in place.The free flowing characteristics can reduce stability of a vessel caused by free surface effect (in partially filled holds) similar to liquids in partially filled tanks. Due to movement of the vessel the wheat is likely to shift to a side causing a list or even a possibility of capsizing the vessel.In cases where wheat requires fumigation in the form of pellets, gases or sprays all personnel to be made aware of the poisonous characteristics they pose and pre cautions to be taken.PrecautionsAll personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and safety goggles.Loading to be carried out as low as possible in holds to minimise dust.Wheat cargo has to be kept dry at all times and any form of water ingress has to be avoided to prevent damage to the cargo.As far as possible wheat should be avoided being loaded by partially filling holds.Where a vessel has partially filled holds she should be trimmed level in order to prevent shift of cargo.The surface of the partially filled holds should be secured by approved methods as mentioned in the IMO-grain rules. These methods used are strapping, lashing, saucering, over stowing and securing with wire mesh.In case fumigation is to be carried out on board the master is to be provided about details and precautions to be taken. The spaces to be fumigated have to have process of monition signs displayed. It is to be carried out by compe tent shore personnel.In cases where ships staffs comportment is required during this operation, it has to be ensured that adequate respiratory protection is worn.Ventilation is required to a great extent to prevent condensation and removal of heat.The primitive weight of wheat should not exceed one-third of the ships deadweight.GM of 0.30 meters to be maintained or as given by formulae in the BC Code, whichever is greater.During discharge precautions to be taken by stevedores when using hydraulic equipment and grabs so that oil from such equipment does not damage the cargo.GypsumThis type of cargo is more often than not not classified as a hazardous cargo.Airborne dust may cause irritation or inflammation to eyes.It could be harmful by inhalation depending on the level and duration of exposure as it contains crystalline silica.It could also cause skin discomfort to a certain level.It poses an engulfment hazard are personnel are advised not to stand on stock piles.It can also adhe re to walls and can give and fall unexpectedly.PrecautionsAll personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and approved safety goggles.Actions to be avoided which can cause gypsum to become airborne.Bulk gypsum is to be kept dry until used as it tends to cake when in contact with water.It is recommended not to wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems.Works Citedwww.lafarge-na.com (Accessed 16 November 2010)South Tyneside college notesMCA, MGN 284 (M+F)Swadi, D (2nd Edtn.), Cargo NotesIMO, International Grain CodeLIFTING fructifyIn order to have any equipment or machinery working effectively on board vessels a Planned Maintenance System should be in place and in effect. From an inspection of this maintenance record it is flourishing to keep track of details like when was the maintenance done last, what was done, when is it due next, what materials are required, how many man hours etc.The reason for this p lanning is so that we have the necessary tools, spares and consumables on board in advance prior to undertaking maintenance. The basic requirements of lifting imbeds are-To keep the equipment in safe and unplayful working orderTo maintain supporting documentation for the above.The main aspects of lifting plant maintenance areRoutine Inspection and MaintenanceIn access to statutory inspections routine inspections are to be carried out by a competent person to asses if the plant is safe for continued use smell for problems likeCracking at welds.Damaged/Missing grease nipples.hydraulic oil leakage from motors.Worn or damaged wires.Corrosion.Missing markings. escape of greasing and oiling.Defects to structure and fittings.Swivels that may not be rotating freely.Loose connection and spread head between rails.All maintenance is carried out as per manufacturers instructions which also specify the time period (e.g. Weekly, monthly, yearly and before and after use).Prior to operation al l control units, alarms, limit switches and joysticks should be operated and checked. If the plant is in fixedness use checks required by the external surveys should be done more by ships competent staff more often than once a year, even thou regulations require only an annual survey.Operation by adept PersonnelAll vessels lifting plant should be operated by learn and certified personnel to avoid damages and improper use of the equipment. Trained personnel should also be appointed to direct the plant hooker using approved hand signals as contained in COSWP.Testing Of Lifting groundAs per the manufacturers instructions the testing and certification of the lifting plant should be carried out at maximum intervals of 5 long time. This testing is initially carried out after manufacture and installation of the plant at the ship yard under supervision of a competent person from the ship yard. The test is carried out using an approved proof load exceeding the SWL as undertake under th e merchant shipping regulations.This test is also required to be carried out ifAny repairs or modifications have been done which is likely to affect the SWL or the strength or stability of the equipment.Prior using any crane which has been idle for more than 6 monthsIf it has been involved in an adventure or mishap.Rigging PlanThe rigging plans should be available at times along with sufficient technical details likeSWL of all fittingsA means of identificationBoom limiting anglesInstructions for permutation wires and sheavesDismantling proceduresErection proceduresCertification and reportsThe master is to ensure that a certificate is on board within 28 days of a statutory test or examination for at least 2 years following receipt of next certificate. They are to be kept readily available on board for any dock worker using the ships plant.A register of lifting appliances along with items of loose gear are also kept on board.Works CitedSwadi, D (2009), Cargo NotesDickie Short, st retch out Hand book

Turkmenistan: A Nation of Contradictions Essay -- Turkmenistan Turkme

Turkmenistan A Nation of Contradictions In October 2001, the Central Asiatic country Turkmenistan celebrated its 10th year of independence. Formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (T.S.S.R), Turkmenistan gained its soereignty with the collapse of its communist counterpart, the Soviet heart in 1991. However, there is such(prenominal) to be questi cardinald about the status of the antiauthoritarian republic which operates Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan functions as a government who has elected a womb-to-tomb dictator, supported the Taliban regime of Afghanistan, and allows no political opposition in either democratic function. Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea and the nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. The terra firma is mostly desert, giving little clownish support to the Turkmen economy. Turkmenistans main industries include oil, petroleum, cotton, and textiles, all of which they export. more than than than 85 percent of the worki ng(a) population, however, works in agriculture. Most opposite resources are imported from surround countries, Germany, Great Britain, and the unify States. A online goal of Turkmenistan to generate more revenues is to build a transnational lineage transport infrastructure to fondness gas and oil through to Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan. merchandise gas and oil from Turkmenistan has granted the nation an economic advantage over its former Soviet counterparts, reservation Turkmenistan the nation who rose the fastest to its feet later gaining its independence. Or so Turkmenistan says. scotch analysts outside the former republics of the Soviet marrow tend to disqualify these claims found on the methods the Turkmen government has employ to declare itself financially stable. The get together States Department of... ...he communist spirit that was supposedly died with the fall of the U.S.S.R. and its counterparts, making traffic between Turkmenistan and any country wor thy questioning. If Turkmenistan would consider revoking the lifetime circumstance of their president and start abiding by their constitutional laws, the nation could one day lose its communist traditions and ladder into the transnationalist blending of the world that is descent for the more well-established countries of the world.BibliographyCentral Intelligence Agency. www.cia.govEmbassy of Turkmenistan United States. www.turkmenistanembassy.org Library of Congress. www.loc.govMandelbaum, Michael. Central Asia And the World. mod York, Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.Rashid, Ahmed. The revival of Central Asia Islam or patriotism? Karachi, Oxford University Press, 1994. Turkmenistan A Nation of Contradictions Essay -- Turkmenistan TurkmeTurkmenistan A Nation of Contradictions In October 2001, the Central Asian country Turkmenistan celebrated its tenth year of independence. Formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (T.S.S.R), Turkmeni stan gained its sovereignty with the collapse of its communist counterpart, the Soviet Union in 1991. However, there is much to be questioned about the status of the democratic republic which operates Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan functions as a government who has elected a lifelong dictator, supported the Taliban regime of Afghanistan, and allows no political opposition in any democratic function. Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea and the nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. The land is mostly desert, giving little agricultural support to the Turkmen economy. Turkmenistans main industries include oil, petroleum, cotton, and textiles, all of which they export. More than 85 percent of the working population, however, works in agriculture. Most other resources are imported from surrounding countries, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. A current goal of Turkmenistan to generate more revenues is to build a transnational pipeline transport infr astructure to pump gas and oil through to Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan. Exporting gas and oil from Turkmenistan has given the nation an economic advantage over its former Soviet counterparts, making Turkmenistan the nation who rose the fastest to its feet after gaining its independence. Or so Turkmenistan says. Economic analysts outside the former republics of the Soviet Union tend to disqualify these claims based on the methods the Turkmen government has used to declare itself financially stable. The United States Department of... ...he communist spirit that was supposedly died with the fall of the U.S.S.R. and its counterparts, making relations between Turkmenistan and any country worth questioning. If Turkmenistan would consider revoking the lifetime term of their president and start abiding by their constitutional laws, the nation could one day lose its communist traditions and flow into the transnationalist blending of the world that is beginning for the more well-establish ed countries of the world.BibliographyCentral Intelligence Agency. www.cia.govEmbassy of Turkmenistan United States. www.turkmenistanembassy.org Library of Congress. www.loc.govMandelbaum, Michael. Central Asia And the World. New York, Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia Islam or Nationalism? Karachi, Oxford University Press, 1994.

classical conditioning Essay -- essays research papers

When ever the bell rings in either school in any nationyou argon guaranteed to see students and teachers file into the hallway. This unbidden response comes from somethingthat has been around for a long time called mere conditioning. Classicalconditioning was observed and researched by Ivan Pavlov, a Russianphysiologist. His famous experimentwith his hotdog is known to nearly everyone who has had a middle school or highereducation. He fed his dog in a pattern,every time he fed his dog he rang a bell.Eventually the dog associated the bell with food and would begin to dribble notwithstanding on hearing the bell. Thatis the original experiment proving classical conditioning. What is a instruct stimulus? A neutralstimulus that, by and by repeated pairings with an un knowledgeable stimulus, becomesassociated with it and elicits a conditioned response. (World of Psychologypg167) In English it is something thatis utilise to train someone or something through repetition. Pavlov made use of this in his experiment toshow classical conditioning. Where asan unconditioned stimulus is something that is unlearned but is just respondedto out of instinct. Pavlovs dog, for examplehad one unconditioned stimulus and one conditioned stimulus. Both the conditioned and unconditionedstimuli were to an unconditioned response, the dog salivating. The unconditioned stimulus was the dog foodthat started the dog salivating. The conditionedstimulus or new stimulus was the bell being radius every time the dog was fed.After awhile the unconditioned stimulus wasnt even packed, because the dog wasnow conditioned to respond to the bell and salivate whenever he heard thebell. Things like this happened all thetime, for example when I put on running shoes and running clothes my dog willbecome extremely hyper because she knows we are going outside and she will getto run around.Probably thestrongest application of classical conditioning is emotions. Human emotions are condition extremelyea sily to things that provoke strong reaction, things such(prenominal) as Adolf Hitler, theIRS, the American Flag and chemistry class because of their associations withour emotions. If something like thatprovoked a strong emotion before in your life when brought up in conversationthe strong emotion that was conditioned comes up also. For example when a individual meets someone withthe same name as someone they previously lik... ... He indeedwondered would the dog still salivate if he attached the device to the dogspelvis, then hind paw, then shoulder, then foreleg and finally the frontpaw. He discovered that the farther hegot from the rear thigh, or the original conditioning, the less of a salivatingresponse. Other examples of this arethings such as someone who was attacked by a dog when he or she was young and in that respectfore grew up hating and fearing all dogs.On the other sideof generalization there must be discrimination. Pavlov decided he didnt want his dogs to salivate to any othertones but C. This was not very hard all that was need was to cause extinction in any other type of tone. The C tone was strengthened by continuouslygiving food after the tone was rung. On the other hand whenever any other tone was sounded it was not reinforced by food. Thus the dog became more conditioned to C and the conditioned responses for the other tones becameextinct.Classicalconditioning has and will continue to be around forever. It is part of kind nature and many peopletake advantage of it daily. It can beused to dispel fears or as training for a job, it doesnt matter what it is for it will just be there.

Thoughts on Organization :: Writing Education Essays

Thoughts on government activityWe learned just about thesis and antithesis and five paragraphs and the whole bit, and learned to do it faster and faster. We repeated it in just the same way you adjudge basketballs at hoops over and over until youre good at it....All this indicated that I was a good writer and I and teachers both probably believed I really was, and stringently because of this motor skill theyd trained me in. Dave wrote that in an e-mail discussion about theme writing. It made me wonder what the actual guidelines were for the so-called Official Style, and what, if anything, was wrongfulness with its formula. After all, this is what Universities demanded of us on a quarterly basis. If the scholars and the academe plant it to be the standard, what could be wrong with it? I had done it, been good at it. I could turn out one of the official papers in a two hour time frame and get an A. Big deal. Didnt that make me a good writer? What else is there? So I read Strunk a nd Whites version of The Elements of Style to find out merely what I had been doing while fulfilling assignment after assignment. Not that the subject division was all that entertaining, but couldnt they have spruced up their writing with a shrimpy creativity, a little humor? I was so bored, I had a hard time wanting to pick the book up at once it had fallen from my bored hands. Ah Ha I do believe I had inadvertently stumbled upon the result of Official Style writing. It stifled the creative, humorous, and personal tendencies that I, and most creatively-intended people, personally look for in a piece of work we would equivalent to tag as interesting. My thoughts then wandered to what the non-official style would set for writing guidelines. Would it be a writing revolution? Would it swim circles around Strunk or would it merely allow more flexibility while still holding Strunks course as truth? Would I find out that what I had previously written and considered a brilliant pap er was actually a regurgatation of mortal elses work. And worst of all, would it be as boring as Strunk? Naturally I knew I would find my answer on MCMorgs homepage and bookshelf. So I turn over around a little in Aristotle, Finnegans Wake , Nevin Liab, and our previous version assignments.

Explain the harmful effects of drugs such as ecstasy on the individual

In recent years, the emerging use of addictive medicates has become one of the biggest social problems menacing authoritative countries. The illicit use of a variety of drugs appears to be increasing. Generally, a drug can be a substance, other than those required for the maintenance of average health, which by its chemical nature alters the structure or function of a living organism. In this essay, drugs are more appropriate defined as psychoactive drugs such as apotheosis and cannabis, which make pass to the influence of the central nervous system in mood, thought and behaviour. In addition, drugs can be classified into three categories V depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens (McGill, 2002, 78). It is widely believed that taking drugs can lead to harmful consequences on the individual and society. Therefore, this essay is concentrated on explaining the material and psychological effects on individuals and the social impacts on society.Despite the thought that the perc eived benefits outperform the negatives, the negligence of the harmful consequences and dangers of drug taking results from the exact or no drugs knowledge among the drug takers. The truth is taking drugs whitethorn bring physical and psychological effects on individuals. Taking ecstasy as an example, also known as MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine, is a drug do with Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and amphetamines. The effects of ecstasy begin about thirty minutes after use and may last for four hours (Hurwitz, 1992, 21). Owing to the young development of youth club or rave culture, there is a rise of ecstasy use as recreational drugs among the young generation. Referring to subject field Drug Strategy, it explains that 40 per cent of the Australian population aged 14 or older has tried cannabis which is the most widely utilize illicit drug in Australia. This is followed by ecstasy which is the most often used amphetamines due to the substantial rise in the use and handiness of a mphetamine-type substances (1998, Internet).Although the drug takers may experience positive changes in feelings and emotions, a high postcode level and increasing confidence in the first hardly a(prenominal) hours after taking ecstasy, there are harmful effects afterwards. agree to Ecstasy Organization, it states that the short term effects of taking ecstasy embroil having dilated pupils, jaw clenching and teeth grinding, sweating, a rise in body tem... ...d incarcerated perpetrators of drug- link up crimes (20.4 percent), lost legitimate production due to drug-related crime careers (19.7 percent), and other be of drug-related crimes, including Federal drug traffic control, property damage, and police, legal, and corrections services (18.4 percent). close of the remaining be resulted from premature deaths (14.9 percent), lost productivity due to drug-related sickness (14.5 percent), and healthcare expenditures (10.2 percent) (1995, Internet).Thus, in summary, although dr ugs such as ecstasy and cannabis may bring positive changes in feelings and emotions and a rise in energy level, it is no denying that the long-term negative physical and psychological effects outweigh the benefits on individuals. Likewise, it may still be suggested that the use of drug may also have social impacts such as increase in crime rate, family and work problems as well as economic costs on society. Drug abuse has detrimental effects on both individuals and society that has no sure end but tragedy. It is a predicament that cannot be neglected. Future and current societies and governments must work to address to it, differently it will spread like a disease.

Media’s Role In Body Images Essay -- Media Advertisements Advertising

Medias intent In Body Images Authors can effectively depict their point across by using different rhetorical techniques. In the twain articles that I will examine, the authors mainly utilize a shame appeal. Authors subroutine pathos to get a social and emotional application across to the contributor. another(prenominal) rhetorical technique that is intentiond by many authors is ethos. Ethos is a technique that can be used by an author saying that since they atomic number 18 perhaps a doctor or may get under ones skin belonged to a certain organization for a long time, then they know to a greater extent intimately a topic than somebody who may not have had the aforesaid(prenominal) moral values or interests. Logos, or the logic that the reader may conclude from the author, is an additional rhetorical technique that is commonly used by authors. These three appeals be the best way for an author to get his point of view across to the reader. Authors that ar e writing about the same topic might not use the same appeals, nor may they use identical appeals in the same way. Consequently, Colleen Thompson author of Society and Eating Disorders and David butler author of Slim Pickings are both acquiring the topic that society and the media play a role in the behavior of how sight feel about their bodies, but they use different appeals to get their points across. The 2 articles, written by Thompson and Butler, deal with the issue of how people, especially females, deal with the medias role concerning heaviness issues. As the year 2000 rolled in, actresses and models body weight decreased, and their waiflike bodies became more noticeable in the publics eyes. Many bittie girls grow up belieflizing the people in the public eye, giving them the idea that they must look a certain way, which is not a effectual way.... ...ns where you can find out about weight loss & fitness. Thompson has colligate that can help out people. She has a bunch of icons to click on for example, if you requirement to know signs of problems you can click on signs, or if you want to get help you can click on either getting help or therapists. Even though Thompsons article is little appealing to the eye, she has more icons that can help someone better render problems that are associated with media and weight loss. Butler and Thompsons articles are very informative, and help people to better understand the problems people are faced with today. Even though both authors use different techniques to get the reader to better understand how they feel about their topic, the reader can learn from both papers. I feel that these two authors used very good techniques, and they are both respectable papers.